Anesthesiology for the Gastrointestinal and Hepatic Systems

This chapter explores the right to freedom of thought in Türkiye, focusing on its legal foundations and historical context from the early twentieth-century’s Kemalist reforms to the present day. It examines how Türkiye’s transition from the Ottoman Empire to a modern Republic has shaped its legal protections and political responses to dissent, religion, and political plurality. Highlighting the ongoing tension between constitutional secularism and the rise of Islamist-influenced politics, the chapter reveals how these dynamics continue to shape and restrict freedoms of thought and expression in modern Türkiye. Despite early constitutional recognition of freedom of thought, practical implementation has often been constrained by state control over media, legal and judicial nuances, and societal norms. The chapter concludes by emphasizing the need for stronger legal safeguards and democratic principles to genuinely protect the right to freedom of thought in Türkiye.

This chapter concisely reviews common situations encountered in the postanesthesia care unit (PACU). Common airway and respiratory scenarios covered include airway obstruction, broncho- or laryngo-spasm, respiratory depression secondary to narcotics to less common situations such as pneumonia to transfusion-related pulmonary pathology. Patients recovering from anesthesia and surgery may experience hypo- or hypertension or arrhythmias postoperatively. Multimodal treatment of frequent events such as pain and postoperative nausea/vomiting are addressed to assist providers in managing difficult to treat patients. As patients transition from anesthesia, they can experience neuromuscular-related complications such as residual weakness, delayed emergence, delirium, and cognitive decline.

The powers and functioning of the NGT are governed by the NGT Act, 2010. Accordingly, this chapter deals with the broad themes covered in the various sections of the NGT Act and highlights how the NGT has interpreted and expanded on various provisions contained therein.

2.1 PURPOSE AND OBJECTS OF THE NGT

As discussed in Chapter 1, the predecessors of the NGT – the NET and the NEAA – were dysfunctional and ineffective due to a lack of legislative will. Furthermore, the call for the need for environmental courts by the Supreme Court was augmented by the recommendations of the Law Commission of India. This has been specifically recognized in the Statement of Objects and Reasons (SOR) contained in the preamble to the NGT Act 2010. The SOR further recognized the need for expeditious disposal of environmental cases in light of the increasing number of pending cases in the higher judiciary requiring technical expertise. Accordingly, the long title of the NGT Act, 2010, provides the following purpose behind the establishment of the Tribunal:

The SOR further states that the NGT Act, 2010, was enacted to uphold India's commitments under international conventions, such as the UN Conference on the Human Environment (1972) and the UN Conference on Environment and Development (1992), to take appropriate measures for enhancing environmental protection and access to judicial and administrative proceedings. This involves developing national laws regarding liability and compensation for victims of pollution and environmental damage.

Additionally, the SOR recognizes the judicial pronouncements declaring the right to a healthy environment as a part of the right to life under Article 21 of the Indian Constitution and emphasizes the need to adopt a multidisciplinary approach for upholding it.

Given this context, it is apparent from the preamble and the SOR that the NGT has been primarily envisaged as an adjudicatory vehicle, which can effectively and expeditiously give effect to the constitutional obligations contained under Article 21 of the Indian Constitution relating to the right to a healthy environment.

The chapter discusses basic cardiac physiology topics. Cardiac cycle begins in the atrium at the SA node and propagates via the electrical pathway to the ventricular myocardium. Automaticity in the SA node is achieved by a slow spontaneous depolarization of the membrane during phase 4. Heart rate is regulated by interaction between sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. At rest, the vagal effects usually dominate. Frank–Starling law is the relation between myocardial fiber length and strength of contraction. Contractility measures cardiac performance at a given preload and afterload. Blood flow through the capillaries is regulated by arterioles. The Starling equation describes the net capillary filtration. Fluid filtrated from the capillaries is transported via the lymphatic system back to the circulation. Coronary blood flow is mainly regulated via local metabolites.

This chapter explains the different definitions of politics, both nineteenth-century and modern; how emotions history and political history can be combined to better understand South Carolina women’s responses to secession and their political consciousnesses; the study of epistolary and diary-writing; gaps in the archive relating to secession; and how this work serves as a bridge between antebellum and Civil War studies of women. It also explains that most secession studies do not pay adequate attention to women. It argues that older women were more likely to expect war and destruction from secession, and that women expressed these political ideas through avenues traditionally gendered female and therefore socially acceptable.

Although Vietnam’s current 2013 Constitution does not recognize a specific right to freedom of thought, it does recognize the constituent rights of freedom of thought, including freedom of religion and belief, freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of association and freedom of peaceful assembly. Since Doi Moi (1986), the implementation of these freedoms has been much improved, but there are still many obstacles and limitations. These include strict control over media, restrictions on political dissent, and limitations on the activities of religious groups. The main reason for these limitations is the Communist Party’s concern that the exercise of these rights will lead to political instability and the changing of the socialist regime in Vietnam today. Vietnam is continuing to integrate more deeply into the world, and this is one of the main driving forces promoting freedom of thought in this country. However, in the short term, there will not be any significant changes because there have been no signs of the Communist Party of Vietnam relaxing civil liberties. Despite this, there is still room for freedom of thought, and it is crucial to advocate for its promotion. The journey towards promoting freedom of thought in Vietnam is undoubtedly a long-term one. It necessitates the active participation and coordination of numerous stakeholders, who must approach the task with patience, persistence, and flexibility.

There are two widely known interpretations of quantum theory: Bohr’s Copenhagen interpretation and Everett’s interpretation. The focus of Chapter 9 is to assess, within the context they provide, the interpretation-independent advances discussed in this book. We want to see whether the advances that include decoherence and quantum Darwinism fit these two established and widely known points of view. In fact, it is surprising that (with minor but significant adjustments) decoherence and quantum Darwinism fit very naturally, addressing questions that were recognized as open and important. We then discuss the existential interpretation. It can be seen as a continuation of the Copenhagen interpretation, with the Universe consisting of quantum and classical realms, but with classicality that is emergent, rather than preordained. It is also compatible with Everett’s interpretation, since quantum states and evolutions are all that is needed. However, unlike the Many Worlds interpretation (which regards the quantum state of the Universe as objectively existing, akin to a classical point in phase space or a classical electromagnetic field), the existential interpretation recognizes that quantum states combine information and existence—they are epiontic. The mix of existence and information they represent fits the relative states reading of Everett’s approach.

Disorders of the neuromuscular system have significant consequences for the anesthetic provider. A thorough knowledge of inheritance patterns, diagnosis, symptomatology, treatment, and pathophysiology is paramount in providing safe anesthetic care. Here we provide a review of the commonly encountered neuromuscular disorders and highlight the most salient features of each. The broad range of demyelinating diseases, myotonias, channelopathies, myasthenic syndromes, and mitochondrial diseases that affect the neuromuscular system will be presented.

The right to freedom of thought is protected under Section 11 of the Constitution of Mauritius. It is a fundamental right which at first glance can be read as a qualified right, that is, one which can be limited under certain circumstances as long as the restrictions are lawful, proportionate and reasonably justified in a democratic society. This chapter will provide an overview of the Mauritian legal system followed by an outline of the constitutional protection of civil and political rights in Mauritius. The discussion will then turn to a normative analysis of the right to freedom of thought in Mauritius, with consideration of how it should be construed as an absolute right instead of a qualified right. The chapter will then review the limitation test for qualified rights under the Constitution. Finally, there will be an examination of the few cases relating specifically to freedom of thought. The whole discussion will shed light on how there is in the Mauritian context a poor and declining understanding of the fundamental processes that afford protection for constitutional rights generally and protection for the right to freedom of thought specifically.