This chapter considers how the right to freedom of thought should be viewed in circumstances of injustice. Specifically, we discuss whether the right not to reveal thoughts, the right not to be punished for thoughts, or the right not to have thoughts impermissibly altered, should ever be overridden. Examples include whether histories of genocide can justify surveillance of antisemitic or racist attitudes, whether access to thoughts may be helpful in proving intent to discriminate, and whether internet privacy protections should yield in the face of uses of social media in ways that further structural injustice. The chapter concludes that defences of freedom of thought as an ideal may be less convincing in situations of significant injustice or threats of violence.

Chapter 3 describes how quantum entanglement leads to probabilities based on a symmetry, but—in contrast to subjective equal likelihood based solely on ignorance—it is an objective symmetry of known quantum states. Entanglement-assisted invariance (or envariance for short) relies on quantum correlations: One can know the quantum state of the whole and use this to quantify the resulting ignorance of the states of parts. Thus, quantum probability is, in effect, an objective consequence of the Heisenberg-like indeterminacy between global and local observables. This derivation of Born’s rule is based on the consistent subset of quantum postulates. It justifies statistical interpretation of reduced density matrices, an indispensable tool of decoherence theory. Hence, it gives one the mandate to explore—in Part II of this book—the fundamental implications of decoherence and its consequences using reduced density matrices and other customary tools.

Digital technologies provide powerful new tools for covert influence strategies. The concept of ‘online manipulation’ has been used to describe a range of different practices, ranging from disinformation campaigns to targeted advertising and dark patterns. There is an emerging view in human rights scholarship that some of these practices may violate our right to freedom of thought. In this chapter, we argue that covert online influences undermine mental autonomy, and that the latter is protected by the right to freedom of thought. We propose that manipulative online practices interfere with freedom of thought when they affect one’s mental autonomy in a sufficiently global manner. We lay out a framework to establish when this threshold is reached, asking whether (1) the attempted influence or its originator was hidden, (2) the targeted person fell within a vulnerable category of individuals, or there existed an information or power asymmetry, (3) the attempted influence targeted a type of thought reaching a certain level of cogency, seriousness, cohesion and importance, or mental processes linked with core aspects of external autonomy; and (4) eventually considering the frequency and duration of the attempted influence.

Nineteenth-century American authors often sought diplomatic political appointments because these were understood to be comfortable positions that provided financial security, cultural enrichment, and leisure time for writing. One popular strategy for obtaining such an appointment was to write a campaign biography for a successful politician. Though overlooked today, the genre of the campaign biography, which dates from the 1820s, was important for American novelists such as William Dean Howells, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Lew Wallace, and Nathaniel Hawthorne. In fact, Hawthorne’s 1852 Life of Franklin Pierce irritated his contemporaries (including Henry David Thoreau and Herman Melville) and later became an important touchstone for literary scholars interested in the intersection of literary arts and national politics. Paying special attention to Hawthorne’s work, this chapter argues that, rather than characterize the campaign biography as an inartistic piece of propaganda written merely to secure a political appointment, we should instead understand it as a node in a wider network of literary and political narrative nonfiction genres – also including histories, travelogues, newspaper journalism, and slave narratives.

This chapter identifies eight intrinsic elements that inhere in all deterrence processes. Identifying the elements is a first step in reconceptualizing deterrence theory. The elements include: (1) costs and rewards of crime and non-crime; (2) interaction of punishment certainty, severity, and celerity; (3) the form of the relationship (e.g., linear or curvilinear) between crime and punishment certainty, severity, and celerity; (4) objective costs and rewards of crime and non-crime, along with perceptions of these costs and rewards; (5) personal and vicarious costs of crime and non-crime; (6) personal and vicarious rewards of crime and non-crime; (7) duration of costs and rewards; and (8) punishment levels, changes, and level–change combinations. As discussed in the chapter, some, but not all, elements have been recognized in prior work. In addition, little consideration has been given to systematically investigating the implications of the intrinsic nature of the elements or how they are involved in deterrence processes.

An invasive continuous blood pressure monitoring method.

This chapter explores the bi-directional challenges of autistics in the academy. Many of the challenges experienced by autistic people in academia are similar to those experienced in other aspects of our lives – dealing with sensory challenges, different processing styles, social interaction, and communication. Other challenges that are inherent to academia include the breadth of activity, the performance and competitive aspects of the role, and complicated institutional politics.

Chapter 2 provides a history of the recognition of the girl child in the international legal framework, from the universalist to the qualified universalist approach, and finally to the girl child as a distinct rights holder under international law. Chapter 2 thereafter conducts an examination of the definition of girl child in the English language. It critically studies the terminology presently used to define her and explores the etymology of the expression ‘girl’ and its semiotics of inferiority and subordination throughout history. The chapter analyzes the two vectors of identity of the girl child: femalehood and childhood. It examines the conceptions of girlhood and its 1) dimensions, 2) boundaries and 3) divisions. It discusses age-based and competence-based boundaries, and parameters for the end of girlhood in the English language and in the law, including definitions concerning puberty, youth and majority. It also suggests divisions within girlhood, namely young girls and adolescent girls.

There are many important principles related to ventilators, alarms, and safety features in the operating room and intensive care unit that are relevant to preparation for the American Board of Anesthesiology BASIX exam and anesthesiology training in general. The first part of this chapter is focused on ventilator management and begins with an overview of phase variables (trigger, limit, cycle). An introduction to non-invasive, controlled mechanical, and assisted mechanical modes of ventilation follows, along with relevant high-yield principles. The final section of the chapter provides an overview of alarm design and commonly tested safety features.

Chapter 8 employs Welby’s Meaning Triad to examine the boundary separating girlhood and womanhood under the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), and its repercussions on the protection of the girl child. It examines the definition of ‘woman’ in international law and the English language, and the life-cycle approach. It notes that the CEDAW fails to provide a parameter for the beginning of womanhood, thus it is not clear whether girls of all ages – young girls and adolescent girls – are covered by this treaty. It observes that female human beings located at the intersection of girlhood and womanhood may fall short of the protection of both the CRC and many provisions of the CEDAW. It applies semioethics theory and considers revising the CEDAW to undoubtedly ensure that girls are covered under this treaty, save for provisions allocating ‘adult rights’.

Introducing the rural lawyer shortage through its impact on rural America, the introduction makes the case that rural areas matter and policy responses are justified to help rural America.

In January 2018, I find myself racing frantically around Jigjiga with a local smuggler and a diaspora Somali known as a raucous opportunist. The two men work collaboratively to release a truck impounded at one of Ethiopia’s border checkpoints. Analyzing this situation, this chapter shows how the problems of moving goods across Ethiopia’s borders facilitate mutual interests and coordinated activities in the city. The situation ultimately scales up to involve a coalition of people from many of Jigjiga’s important social categories: diaspora (qurba-joogs) and locals (wadani), Somalis and non-Somalis, kin and nonkin, wealthy businesspeople and marginalized workers. Delving into situational analysis, this chapter introduces Jigjiga’s dynamic social fabric as it illustrates how people use urban space as a platform for managing cross-border connections and circulations. It focuses specifically on how border-related business collaborations converge in Jigjiga’s chat dens, where men create and evade social connections as they chew the mild narcotic stimulant known as chat or khat. Analyzing these locations and how they function as frontiers of relationship management, the chapter illustrates how elements of Somalis’ nonhegemonic or “egalitarian” cultural ethos converge to reinforce, rather than challenge, government hierarchies, border securitization, and urban inequalities.

Mentorship is one of the most important facets of new legal practice, and the importance of mentorship is elevated in rural areas where there are few mentors available. This chapter considers how new rural lawyers obtained mentorship and discusses particular challenges of mentorship for solo practitioners, in satellite offices, and in law firm offices. Relying on interviews from both mentors and mentees, this chapter makes clear the importance of good mentorship.