This part investigates the period from the Single European Act to the Failed Constitutional Treaty. During this period, the approach to EU and TCN migrants was differentiated. The political ambition behind the transformation of the EU framework framed an institutional discourse that emphasized the special status of EU migrants as citizens, and the lesser status of TCN migrants, whose status and rights were left in the realm of intergovernmental cooperation. However, a closer investigation of archival material and case-law undertaken in this part proves that the need to balance the economic and social objectives of the Treaties continued to appear and condition the rights of all migrants. Essentially this part shows that economic and social sustainability objectives continued to exist as the end to be served by the regulation of migration, even when the prevalent institutional discourse highlighted different considerations. Adding another building block to the historical investigation, this part demonstrates that while the EU sustainable migration objective is a recent one, its underlying considerations have constantly found their way in EU secondary law and case-law.

The 1986 Anti-Drug Abuse Act (ADAA) established the infamous 100:1 disparity in mandatory minimums for possession of powder versus crack cocaine. Because crack is more often used by black and minority Americans, this law mandated racial disparity in sentencing that contributed to the mass incarceration of black and minority Americans. This chapter analyzes the ADAA, President Reagan’s speeches on the War on Drugs, and contemporary public discourse to demonstrate that laws are rhetorical not only in their textual construction but also in their material function. Judith Butler’s concepts frames of war and precarious life illuminate how the ADAA functions rhetorically to reestablish sociocultural norms of racial division and inequity. In this view, the ADAA is not a failed attempt to counter drug use, but a successful strategy for maintaining a racist status quo. Butler’s theories can help us understand the role of law in shaping sociocultural norms, and therefore to recognize the potential of law to reinscribe and reform those norms.

Using the Tarasoff case as an exemplar, this chapter identifies and discusses a number of specific ways in which modern instrumentalist legal analysis is burdened and compromised when conducted within the structure, and according to the procedures, of current appellate adjudication. This is the case because this structure and these procedures are, in large part, vestiges of the earlier formalist period, unchanged for well more than a century.

The selection of appellate judges on an assertedly merit basis, and not by popular election, is a means of appointing judges far more in harmony with a formalist jurisprudential paradigm than with an instrumentalist one. The exceptionally limited number and kind of inputs that are involved in appellate adjudication are far more in line with formalism than instrumentalism. The kind of empirical information that is routinely excluded from the record of a case at trial, and thus denied to appellate courts, by various rules of evidence and privilege is often information that would be useful and valuable to the appellate courts when engaging in instrumentalist common law analysis. These are procedural rules that made sense within a formalist framework that operated far more problematically in the modern instrumentalist era.

This chapter explores the intricate ways music evokes emotions, encompassing conscious and unconscious evaluations, emotional resonance, the power of musical memories, and the role of predictions and surprises. It investigates how music can influence thoughts, create specific atmospheres, and fulfil important social functions, fostering connection and well-being. Practical strategies are offered for utilizing music to regulate emotions, promote positive moods, and enhance personal growth. The chapter concludes by emphasizing the importance of understanding and appreciating musical structure, showcasing how music can trigger ’aha’ moments that contribute to both pleasure and cognitive development. Additionally, the chapter examines the social functions of music, including its ability to facilitate cooperation, strengthen social bonds, and promote prosocial behaviour.

This chapter examines the various tropes and representational strategies used by writers to depict urban and rural spaces and their dynamics, highlighting the constructed nature of place and the intimate relationship between history, place-making, memory, and representation. Drawing on key cultural theorists and urban geographers, most notably Walter Benjamin, George Simmel, Yi-Fu Tuan, Susan Buck-Morss, Kristin Bluemel, and Michael McCluskey, and literary texts such as Dung Kai Cheung’s Atlas: An Archaeology of an Imaginary City (1997), I discuss different imaginative and creative impulses that underlined the discursive construction of place and space. And with reference to texts published in different cultural contexts and historical moments, such as Charles Dickens’ Sketches by Boz (1836) and The Old Curiosity Shop (1841), George Gissing’s The Whirlpool (1897), and Shen Congwen’s The Border Town (1934), I examine not only the various manifestations of urban/rural dichotomies as invoked in literary works, but also moments when these dichotomies are unsettled or blurred. The last section of the chapter focuses on Alicia Little’s A Marriage in China (1896) and Jean Rhys’ Voyage in the Dark (1934), exploring the ways in which the rural/urban constructs engage with questions of colonial politics, resistance, and the ideas of home and (un)belonging.

The introductory chapter lays out the theoretical framework, the puzzles, and the research questions motivating this book. Which economic ideas explain the design of the European Union’s economic policy? What explains the main cleavages underpinning its reforms? What explains the outcome, timing, and direction of these reforms? What explains the adoption of its implementation instruments, the so-called country-specific recommendations? Why does compliance vary? What explains the use of the corrective procedure and is it effective? The chapter provides an overview of how the economy, national politics, and supranational politics shape the entire policy cycle, from the definition of the policy problem to the design of the policy and its implementation. To help readers familiarize themselves with policy technicalities, the chapter concludes by briefly summarizing the primary and secondary laws regulating the policy.

The Intergovernmental Conference on Rural Hygiene held in Bandung, Dutch East Indies, in August 1937 is often discussed as a precursor to the 1978 Alma-Ata Declaration on Primary Health Care. In this chapter, we investigate the Bandung Conference’s antecedents rather than its legacy. We view “Bandung” as a synthetic formulation of various Southeast Asian initiatives, experiments, and experiences in rural hygiene and social medicine, most of which were designed and developed in areas under colonial rule. Primarily focusing on French Indochina and the Dutch East Indies, we explore the meanings of social medicine and rural hygiene in Southeast Asian contexts, where health measures were tied to (colonial) economic objectives, health budgets were limited, and populations mostly rural. However, the delegates at the Bandung Conference proposed highly idealistic programs that could not possibly be realized. Consequently, all lofty plans turned into a mirage that symbolically absolved colonial administrations from their responsibility to safeguard their subject’s health. Social medicine at Bandung was a tool for colonial governmentality at a time when colonial empires were contested and weakened.

Scientific discovery, particularly in disciplines such as physics and biology, often asks if there remains room for truly transformative innovations. But microbiome research faces considerable challenges stemming from the intricacies of microbial communities. These are subject to dynamic processes, such as horizontal gene transfer, and exhibit great variability across different spatial scales. Genomic sequencing and molecular biology removed the constraint of traditional isolation techniques. Microbiome research typically unfolds along two distinct trajectories: exploration and hypothesizing. However, exploratory studies emphasize sequencing entire communities to develop foundational datasets, while hypothesis-driven research adopts a more structured framework aimed at testing specific ecological theories. Merging these approaches, particularly through the integration of emerging technologies such as machine learning, holds significant potential for driving future discoveries. The combination of these methodologies considered may help unravel critical ecosystem services rendered by microbial communities, both within host-associated systems and in broader environmental contexts.

Rudolf Virchow is regularly celebrated as one of the fathers of social medicine. This chapter explores the context in which Virchow wrote and published his famous statement that: “Medicine is a social science, and politics nothing but medicine at a larger scale.” I discuss Virchow’s epidemiological fact-finding mission to Upper Silesia and his involvement in the revolutionary events of 1848 and 1849. I also look at the ways in which Virchow’s achievements were framed during his lifetime and in the early twentieth century, when medicine in Germany was perceived, by many, to be undergoing a crisis, caused by materialism, specialization, and a growing dominance of laboratory medicine –developments then seen as in-line with Virchow’s aims. I argue that what we think of as social medicine is an American tradition which emerged at a particular point of time in the mid twentieth century and that the image of Virchow as the father of social medicine was created then, by scholars and activists such as George Rosen and Henry Sigerist, to provide this new tradition with a longer pedigree.

The chapter lays out the motivation for this particular study on discovery through reference to the cross-disciplinary nature of this inquiry and its potential for deepening our understanding of how new knowledge is generated beyond a focus on single or allied disciplines. Classical studies on discovery are acknowledged, and their contributions to the subject are described in appreciation. However, what happens when discovery is pursued across disciplines from the social, natural, and biomedical sciences?

This chapter extends the book’s arguments beyond the context of Argentina to explore their applicability in two of the world’s largest democracies: India and Mexico. It investigates the conditions under which a party can successfully challenge a hegemonic machine in areas marked by segregated vulnerability, and the factors that prompt brokers to switch party allegiances. In both India and Mexico, hegemonic machine parties maintained a quasi-monopoly over broker networks in vulnerable areas for decades, until parties lacking prior territorial bases began to recruit their own networks to challenge these dominant machines. This chapter examines the party linkages to vulnerable poor communities in Mexico and India and analyzes how parties with no prior territorial presence emerged to challenge these established machines. It explores the strategies these challengers used to build networks in areas previously dominated by hegemonic parties, highlighting the broader relevance of the dynamics observed in Argentina.

Building an effective recommender system requires more than just a strong model; it involves addressing a range of complex technical issues that contribute to the overall performance. This chapter explores recommender systems from seven distinct angles, covering feature selection, retrieval layer strategies, real-time performance optimization, scenario-based objective selection, model structure improvements based on user intent, the cold start problem, and the “exploration vs. exploitation” challenge. By understanding these critical aspects, machine learning engineers can develop robust recommender systems with comprehensive capabilities.

This chapter describes the many methods of Cognitive Neuroscience that are revealing the neural processes underlying complex cognitive processes in the brain. The benefits and limitations of each method are discussed, highlighting how there is no single “best” method and how the choice of method in any experiment should be motivated by the hypothesis being evaluated. Neuropsychology provides novel insights into the neural bases of cognitive processes but is limited because it relies on naturally occurring lesions. Neuroimaging methods (fMRI, PET, fNIRS) provide excellent spatial resolution but cannot assess the temporal order of neural activity across regions. Electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) can track neural activity in real time, but their spatial precision is limited because they are recorded from outside the head. Neurostimulation methods (TMS, tDCS, tACS) can uniquely assess causality by testing if, and when, a brain area is necessary for a particular function. Methods using non-human animals (e.g., single-unit recordings) can provide the highest levels of spatial and temporal precision, but they are limited to mental processes that the non-human animals can be trained to do. This chapter ends with a comparison of methods that includes portability, spatial precision, and temporal resolution.

For the 2019 election, as President Mauricio Macri’s popularity waned, Cambiemos mayors needed to decouple their reelection prospects from those of their presidential candidate. This endeavor required broker networks capable of supporting their campaigns by customizing messages, resources, and ballots to align with voters’ electoral preferences. This chapter explores how Cambiemos mayors in the Conurbano turned to these territorial network strategies. Using in-depth interviews and extensive fieldwork, the chapter illustrates how local Cambiemos candidates leveraged these strategies to survive the election. The chapter also quantitatively tests the hypothesis that brokers are crucial for mayoral candidates’ electoral survival when their presidential candidate is underperforming. It particularly focuses on ticket splitting as a key method for candidates to detach from their parties, serving as an effective proxy for assessing their network strategies. Analyzing the distribution of clipped ballots across electoral circuits offers a deeper understanding of how Cambiemos mayors used their punteros to strategically separate from Macri.