France has been at the forefront of the philosophical reflection on freedom of thought, along with the related freedoms of opinion and of conscience. Today, freedom of thought is constitutionally protected under French law as affirmed in Article 11 which makes the ‘free communication of thoughts and opinions is one of the most precious rights of man’. However, freedom of thought has received limited attention in French legal scholarship and is seldom considered as a standalone and influential factor in legal disputes, some even suggesting that France may be falling behind other democratic states in terms of the effective affirmation and protection of freedom of conscience in particular. The aim of this chapter is to elucidate how the right to freedom of thought finds expression in French positive law, as well as how it has been used distinctively and practically by the courts, if at all. Following a concise examination of the underlying concept, this chapter considers the legal foundations of freedom of thought and its implementation within the judicial system, with particular focus on the Constitutional Council.

Chapter 7 considers the boundary for the end of girlhood under international law. It applies Welby’s Meaning Triad to discuss the sense, meaning and significance of the current definition of child in the CRC. It argues that this definition is problematic on several grounds: absence of a minimum age for the end of girlhood, discrepancy between the end of girlhood and emancipation, possibility of unequal treatment on the grounds of gender, national domicile, and between girls under domestic law. It examines positive features of the CRC and the benefit for girls to be covered until eighteen years. It also analyzes ‘childist’ provisions of the CRC and empowering provisions of other treaties, and whether girls should reach majority before eighteen years. It conducts case studies of child justice and child marriage. Finally, it employs semioethics to identify amendments to the definition of child in the CRC that would tackle its shortcomings.

Article 19 of the Constitution of Japan, which states, “Freedom of thought and conscience shall not be violated,” guarantees freedom of thought, a historically significant right due to its absence in the previous 1889 Imperial Constitution and subsequent suppression of ideologies like communism and anti-imperialism. Post-Second World War reforms led to its explicit inclusion in the 1946 Constitution. Although there are not many lawsuits regarding whether government acts or statutes violate this right is into question, the Japanese Supreme Court (SCJ) has said something about the right. The SCJ has ruled that it primarily protects a person’s world vision or life view but does not cover all mental activities. The SCJ has identified both direct (e.g., compulsion to hold or confess specific thoughts) and indirect restrictions (e.g., a compulsion to school teachers to stand up and sing the national anthem at school ceremonies such as entrance and graduation), with some restrictions deemed constitutional if justified. In this sense, Freedom of thought is not absolute in Japan. The SCJ also addresses the balance of interests in private relations, acknowledging the indirect effect of constitutional rights.

Chapter 3 is centered around the appearance in 1798 of twelve handwritten bulletins, known as pasquins, that announced a coming revolution to the people of Bahia. The bulletins denounced Portuguese rule, racism, and unfair wages, among other demands. They were placed in the public squares and markets of the city, and it was this act of encouraging the public to rebel that made the bulletins and their writers seditious. While the writers did speak to all Bahians, they targeted places where soldiers were known to congregate more than others. This chapter thus explores not only the demands of the pasquins but also how the documents were disseminated to the public. While there is little information about how or why most pasquins were found where they were, one bulletin that was found on a market stall brings into sharp focus the daily interactions between soldiers and market women. Studying these relations reveals new ways of thinking about the presence and participation of women in resistance movements.

Fiction writers in the nineteenth century engaged an evolving assemblage of understandings and conflicts concerning their stories and their relationship with politics. Early decades were characterized by suspicions about the value of fiction and its potential for disrupting the demands of nation-building. With industrialization and mass culture came a new appreciation for literary fiction as vehicle for both consensus-building and sociopolitical change. Through it all, most writers and readers, while employing a variety of modalities and aiming at different political targets, maintained the conviction that fiction, when in the hands of a truth-teller, could convey the “truth” of “great principles” and thus do political work. To demonstrate these nineteenth-century understandings of the intersections of fiction and politics, this chapter examines fiction across the century in three different periods consistent with the history of the book and print culture: the first running roughly from 1800 to the late 1830s, after the nation’s birth but before the age of mass culture; from 1840 to the late 1870s, the age of the industrial book; and from 1880 to century’s end, the early days of modernism, new conceptions of language, and the autonomous work of art.

A thorough understanding of anatomy is critical to the successful practice of anesthesiology. Following the structure of the ABA BASIC Examination content outline, this chapter includes a discussion of the clinically important anatomical structures of the head, neck, spine, chest, and extremities. The relevant radiological imaging, topographical landmarks and anatomical relationships are included.

Postoperative Period: Consequences of Anesthesia and of Surgical Incisions

Premedication is often used to alleviate many complications or anxieties related to anesthesia and surgery. Common premedications aim to alleviate preoperative anxiety, preoperative or postoperative pain, or postoperative nausea or vomiting (PONV). This chapter reviews the most commonly used premedications, their mechanism of action, physiological effects, metabolism, and concerns with different metabolic states and coinciding medical conditions.

Thirty-two attorneys joined the Rural Attorney Recruitment Program in South Dakota. This chapter explores their backgrounds and why they chose to practice law in rural areas. Beginning with these lawyers’ childhoods, the chapter explains the characteristics of the rural lawyers and explores which characteristics made lawyers more likely to stay.

In the Ethiopia–Somalia borderlands, kontarabaan (contraband) trade is not just a source of livelihood. Over decades of efforts to avoid Ethiopian taxation, it has become an integral part of Ethiopian-Somali identity. This chapter locates today’s cross-border trade practices in the broader context of a century-long effort by Ethiopia and foreign colonial powers to impose effective authority and taxation on the Horn of Africa’s borderlands. Following small-scale traders and other travelers across several borders and checkpoints, it ethnographically explores what Jigjigan Somalis call “the cultural economy” (dhaqan-dhaqaalaha). Examining interactions between border-crossers and border-enforcers, it argues that Ethiopian-Somalis’ egalitarian ethos, long associated with pastoralist culture, has taken specific form in the Jigjiga area through practices of evading taxation and border regulation imposed by non-Somali authorities. The lines between governor and governed, tax-collector and tax-evader, border-enforcer and border-crosser have historically been entangled with ethnic distinctions between Somalis and so-called Habesha ethnic groups from central Ethiopia. Because of this, the advent of Somali-led border security since 2010 has prompted not only new challenges for cross-border traders’ livelihoods but also new debates about what it means to be Somali in the Ethiopian borderlands.

This chapter discusses policy implications that flow from comprehensive deterrence theory (CDT). The account points to many implications. Perhaps foremost is the conclusion that there simply is insufficient research to ground deterrence-based policies. There are, though, other equally important implications. The chapter argues that, based on CDT, many deterrence-based policies are likely to be ineffective and may increase rather than decrease crime. At the same time, it is likely that deterrence-based policies can be effective, but only under certain conditions. We extend this reasoning to argue that CDT can be used to inform deterrence-based policies in jails and prisons as well as schools.

Chapter 2 shows how the discreteness that sets the stage for discontinuous quantum jumps between a restricted set of states is a consequence of the symmetry breaking that resolves the tension between the unitarity of quantum evolutions, and repeatable information transfer (the essence of quantum Darwinism, the subject of Chapters 7 and 8). Chapter 2 shows that, while the quantum superposition principle declares that every superposition is an equally legal quantum state, repeatability restricts states that can be recorded (found out) multiple times to an orthogonal set determined by the unitary dynamics of the process responsible for the repeated information transfer (i.e., for amplification). Such states persist and can imprint the evidence of their continued presence in other systems, e.g., on the subsystems of the environment. They become the elements of objective reality—e.g., outcomes of the measurements we perceive. Moreover, Chapter 2 motivates the need for the derivation of the probabilities of measurements (to be carried out in Chapter 3).