After attempts to target national and international politics stalled, the network of groups concerned with fair trade regrouped around local activism. This chapter shows how paper was a crucial product to understand the strand of activism which emerged in the 1970s: it served as a medium for groups across Europe to keep in contact but was also the main carrier of information about the injustices the movement tried to address through distributing leaflets, posters, and books. Activism in many places was anchored by so-called world shops, which had first emerged in the Netherlands at the end of the 1960s as meeting places for activists with similar concerns. The model quickly spread throughout Europe, offering activists a way to come together around a diverse set of issues, which they first and foremost addressed in their own neighbourhoods. The chapter offers an alternative reading of 1970s activism, claiming that social activism did not subside but rather shifted towards local activities, which has been less visible to contemporary observers as well as historians.

This chapter explores the possibilities and dilemmas that civil society actors face in resisting and reversing democratic backsliding through examples from around the world. It examines the conditions that shape civil society activism under backsliding and the roles it has played in containing or reversing autocratization. As it shows, in a number of cases civil society resistance has been critical in restraining and reversing backsliding. But it has been better able to counter backsliding when popular support for the backsliding leader has eroded and the opposition is able to work through institutions rather than having to work against them. As backsliding proceeds, institutional channels for influence deteriorate. As a result, there is a critical window during which civil society resistance stands a better chance of containing backsliding: before electoral processes and institutional constraints on executives are fully captured. Once capture occurs, civil society resistance moves to the much more dangerous and difficult task of confronting rather than preventing dictatorship.

Mental health disorders are highly prevalent and costly in high-income countries, driven by multiple social, economic, environmental and lifestyle factors. Lifestyle Medicine strategies can prevent and treat mental health disorders by addressing their biopsychosocial determinants and enhancing positive psychology- focusing on preserving developing what works well, rather than the traditional medical model of fixing what has broken. A number of tools and techniques to assess and prescribe lifestyle interventions for mental wellbeing are available. Mental health is intimately connected with other aspects of Lifestyle Medicine, such as physical activity, relationships, and the natural environment. Applying the evidence base from Lifestyle Medicine offers possibilities to avoid over-prescribing and promote non-pharmacological and holistic approaches that empower individuals and communities.

Traditional clinical training has often lacked the leadership and management skills necessary for practitioners to effectively drive change. Despite facing systemic pressures and resource limitations, clinicians can be agents of change by innovating within their work environments. Practising self-care and understanding the benefits of Lifestyle Medicine are essential for healthcare practitioners to sustain their wellbeing and energy for these changes. The transformation of healthcare environments to encourage healthier choices can profoundly affect the wellbeing of both staff and patients. Large-scale change can be fostered by engaging with the community and connecting patients to local groups and activities. The UK has seen examples of successful Lifestyle Medicine projects and we explore some examples of success in this chapter. To innovate in healthcare, one must be clear about their motivation, be prepared to initiate projects without initial funding, plan for their evaluation, and ensure that the projects are enjoyable for all participants involved.

Chapter 10 provides a conclusion and outlook. It summarizes how the three principles of competition, iconicity and economy of expression help to explain language change in the CPs. In addition, it asks how the findings obtained on the CPs and their morphologically and semantically related CPs can be transferred to other cases of competition (e.g. to phrasal verbs and their corresponding simple verbs). More than that, the present study adds to research on semantic–syntactic mismatches in cases of lexialization and provides new evidence on constructions which run counter to the trend of the English language to become ever more analytic. The latter findings tie in with such other cases of semantic competition as the gentive variation, the dative alternation or the comparative alternation.

The introduction posits the relevance of the history of fair trade activism to the history of postcolonial globalization to highlight three striking transformations: decolonization, the rise of consumer society, and the emergence of the internet. It underlines the importance of studying ‘moderate’ movements as part of a social history of globalization. It goes on to relate the history of fair trade to earlier historiography, demonstrating how the history of third-world movements, consumer activism, and humanitarianism can be combined to better understand the history of this movement. It finally introduces the structure of the book, which takes its cue from the materiality, which was crucial to the development of the fair trade movement by centring five products: handicrafts, sugar, paper, coffee, and textiles.

Chapter 4 is devoted to the methodology applied in this book. For one, I motivate the choice of the twenty-four CPs investigated in this study and explain how they have been retrieved. Secondly, I ask how we can best operationalize the concepts of semantic scope and semantic specialization, which are relevant to test the first and the second hypotheses (Section 3.4). This presentation is followed by an introduction of the three different types of semantic specialization investigated in this study and an answer to the question of how they are operationalized. Here, I focus a) on the modifier slot (Section 4.3.1), b) on the determiner slot (Section 4.3.2) and c) on the wider assertive or non-assertive contexts that the CPs occur in. The chapter is concluded by an outline of the corpora in use, the time periods investigated and the statistical tests applied (Section 4.4).

Free and fair elections have come under increasing threat in the United States. Two critical dimensions are identified to this threat: challenges to ballot access, and challenges to the integrity of the administration of elections. The first has been a long-standing feature of US politics, characterized in recent years by voter identification laws, restrictive registration processes, and rules and procedures that impose unequal burdens on voters. Challenges to election administration are more recent, and threaten to undermine decades of administrative improvements. This chapter provides a snapshot of the threat to election administration, assessing the degree to which state legislative attention is a response to pandemic-era changes or an effort to concentrate election authority in partisan officials. A new data set is presented on election reform legislation in the states in the eighteen months following the election of 2020. While reporting considerable variation across states, it is found  that partisanship, electoral competition, and a declining proportion of the non-Hispanic white population drive efforts to undermine elections’ integrity, expressions of a dangerously polarizing and potentially antidemocratic dynamic in US electoral politics.