The general concept of multiferroic materials as those with strong interplay between two or more ferroic properties is first introduced. Then, particular cases of materials with coupling magnetic and polar (magnetoelectric coupling), polar and structural (electrostructural coupling), and magnetic and structural (magnetostructural coupling) degrees of freedom are discussed in more detail. The physical origin of the interplay is analysed and symmetry-based considerations are used to determine the dominant coupling terms adequate to construct extended Ginzburg–Landau models that permit the determination of cross-response to multiple fields. The last part of the chapter is devoted to study morphotropic systems and morphotropic phase boundaries that separate crystallographic phases with different polar (magnetic) properties as examples of materials with electro(magneto)-structural interplay and that are expected to show giant cross-response to electric (magnetic) and mechanical fields.

In this chapter we will disco≠≠≠ver that language variation is a normal characteristic of speech on all language levels: in the sounds of accents, words, in grammar but also in discourse. When speaking, we always face alternative choices, and these are determined by our regional and social backgrounds and by the context of situation. We will discuss the concept of the sociolinguistic variable in more detail and find that variation is rule-conditioned and systematic. We focus on all actors and factors involved: the social dimension of variation (individuals, groups, communities) and its social correlates (region, class, gender, ethnicity, education). Last but not least, we will look at the spread of innovative features and trace patterns of diffusion from individual speakers, the point of origin of change, throughout wider society (via processes such as actuation, diffusion, and embedding).

During the 1950s, civic groups started to sell handicrafts as an act of solidarity with their makers. This fostered a new global outlook amongst producers and potential buyers. This chapter analyses the early history of fair trade history, which revolves around handicrafts which were sold by charitable and solidarity initiatives since the early 1950s. It thus focuses on those actors within the movement which directly import products, first from all over the world, then more pronouncedly from ‘developing’ countries. The chapter tracks the emergence of these importers to demonstrate how the fair trade movement could develop, demonstrating the importance of missionary and solidarity networks and the fluent transition from an approach related to charity to one aiming at structural change.

In line with the more civilian and less military role of consuls in the 1st century BCE, a number of consulars renounced any potential military glory through a provincial command and preferred to remain in Rome during and after their consulships. In contrast to what had happened throughout the 2nd century, consulars rarely filled their cursus honorum with regular offices. One of the usual tasks of consulars was to intervene in court, not only for their potential skills as orators but above all for the authority that their consular status conferred on them. Consulars acted as advocates, never as prosecutors. Some consulars, such as Cicero and Hortensius, were true specialists before the courts. Speaking at a popular assembly (contio) was always another way of gaining public visibility. For the period 81–50, we have evidence of a greater number of consulars taking part in assemblies than in earlier periods. However, since consulars as privati were not entitled to convene an assembly, their speeches to the people were always unusual. The Senate remained the great dialectical battleground for consulars. Priority to speak in the Senate always belonged to consulars.

In this chapter we trace the development of the field from its beginnings to the present. Before the start of sociolinguistics proper in the early 1960s, regional dialectologists had already made considerable efforts to explore the spatial dimension of language variation, using different methodologies to collect data on regional dialects. The impact of the so-called sociolinguistic turn is discussed with reference to Labov’s early work (on the island of Martha’s Vineyard and in New York City), and some principal findings and methods of early work in the field are introduced. We will take a first look at the subsequent waves of variationist sociolinguistics, social network theory and communities of practice, which entail a focus on individual speakers and their social grouping and ordering as well as their orientation and affiliation with other speakers in indexical relationships. The chapter concludes with some recent developments and a presentation of current research themes.

Health inequalities refer to unfair and avoidable differences in health across populations, influenced by factors such as socio-economic status and societal inequality. These disparities are evident in various health and social outcomes, including child mortality, obesity, and life expectancy. Lifestyle Medicine, which focuses on individual behaviours, acknowledges the need for multi-level action to address health inequalities effectively. Strategies to improve health equity must consider individual circumstances, providing support according to specific needs. For instance, addressing food insecurity, promoting physical activity, and ensuring good quality sleep are Public Health targets that can benefit both individuals and society. Interventions must be tailored to overcome barriers such as cost, availability of resources, and safe environments for positive health behaviours. Ultimately, tackling lifestyle-related health inequality requires a collaborative effort between Lifestyle Medicine and Public Health, aiming for upstream changes to social determinants and advocating for a more equal society

Non-equilibrium phase transitions are non-thermal transitions that occur out-of-equilibrium. The chapter first discusses systems that are subjected and respond with hysteresis to an oscillating field due to a competition between driving and relaxation time scales. When the former is much shorter than the latter, a non-equilibrium transition occurs associated with the dynamical symmetry breaking due to hysteresis. A dynamical magnetic model is introduced and it is shown that the mean magnetization in a full cycle is the adequate order parameter for this transition. A mean-field solution predicting first-order, critical and tricritical behaviours is analysed in detail. The second example refers to externally driven disordered systems that respond intermittently through avalanches. The interesting aspect is that for a critical amount of disorder, avalanches occur with an absence of characteristic scales, which define avalanche criticality as reported in different ferroic materials. This behaviour can be accounted for by lattice models with disorder, driven by athermal dynamics.

Expanding on the author’s ongoing research on the Civic Circles Movement, which paved the way for Viktor Orbán’s Fidesz-MPSZ party from the opposition to enduring political rule, this chapter adopts a moral economy framework to better understand the formation of a vibrant right-wing sector of Hungarian civil society. The chapter analyzes the interplay of nationalist passions and economic interests, which motivated the agency of two vocal groups: the Christian national Bildungsbürgertum, or cultural bourgeoisie, and the propertied petit bourgeoisie, the native owners of small and medium-sized businesses. It is demonstrated that the Bildungsbürgertum joined the movement driven by social conservative cultural agendas, and the petit bourgeoisie led by economic interests. Yet, eventually both groups converged on advocating moral economies, namely that of the nation’s social and cultural reproduction, and of national economic production, respectively. In turn, as promoters of moral economies, these activists could simultaneously enhance the legitimacy and the effectivity of the movement’s contentious and noncontentious actions.

In this chapter we will investigate how sociolinguistic theory overlaps with selected areas of applied linguistics. We revisit the question how discrimination operates in the language ideology of Standard English and find out how this may entail serious impediments in domains such as education and health advice. We look at how anthropological and ethnographic issues have an impact on cultural misunderstandings, how insights from variation and change can be used to help improve children’s reading and writing skills, and will discuss the involvement of sociolinguists in dialect maintenance and revival issues. There are special sections of forensic sociolinguistics and legal aspects of language usage, and we present hands-on cases of real-life issues where sociolinguistics is relevant, particularly the court case following the murder of Trayvon Martin in 2013.

This chapter expands on and completes the analysis of Aristides’ political use of lyric. It argues that both Athens and Rome are depicted by the sophist through lyric and song imagery, and that these musical representations allow for a comparison between the two cities and how Aristides conceived of their role as imperial centres. Among other texts, a close reading of the celebration of past and present Athens in Or. 1 and that of imperial Rome in Or. 26 shows that the ways in which the two capitals ‘make music’ foreground some important similarities between their imperial politics. At the same time, Athenian and Roman ‘music’ point to the difference between Greek and Roman political cultures and approaches. Rather than indicating a critical attitude towards the current Empire, however, Aristides’ musical depiction of Athens and Rome is open to ambiguity and enables different co-existing interpretations, adding complexity and depth to our understanding of the political dimension of Aristides’ corpus.

The rapid development of information and communication technologies since the 1990s has had far-reaching impacts on health behaviours and healthcare. There are many opportunities for Lifestyle Medicine. The Gartner Hype Cycle offers a useful model to understand the adoption stages of technologies such as wearable activity trackers and telemedicine in Lifestyle Medicine. Technology can enhance mental wellbeing, social connections, physical activity, healthy eating, sleep quality, and harm reduction.

However, technology use also poses risks, such as encouraging sedentary behaviours, social isolation, and digital exclusion. Data analysis in technology can be challenging, and ensuring cybersecurity and commercial surveillance protection is essential. Technology can help deliver personalised interventions that match patient needs. Technology can also provide holistic health support to patients beyond traditional consultations.