This is a standard question, but one which contains a lot of anatomical detail. It may be useful to practise drawing a simple explanatory diagram. The oral may be linked to intracranial aneurysms and their management, and it may also include physiological aspects of cerebral perfusion, the problem of cerebral vasospasm following subarachnoid haemorrhage or briefly the subject of intracranial pressure (ICP).

This chapter explores the deep evolutionary roots of music, arguing that its origins likely coincide with the emergence of Homo sapiens. Music, defined by pulse and scale, uniquely enables collective music making, a key factor in human survival and flourishing. The ability to synchronize movements to a pulse, a trait unique to humans, fostered cooperation, social cohesion, and positive emotions. This evolutionary advantage led to better health outcomes, conflict resolution, and, ultimately, a higher chance of survival. The chapter also delves into the intertwined nature of music and language, both forms of structured sound with distinct functions. It highlights how musical features in speech convey emotions universally, transcending cultural barriers. Research on infants further demonstrates the biological basis of musicality, with babies instinctively synchronizing movements to music and finding pleasure in it. This early engagement with music promotes social bonding, communication, and overall development. The chapter concludes by emphasizing music’s crucial role in human evolution, suggesting that its ability to foster cooperation and positive emotions may have been the decisive step that set Homo sapiens apart.

This chapter analyses the consequences of the paradigm shift from formalism to instrumentalism on the activity of legal scholarship. Under a traditional formalist conception, the activity of appellate courts in making and developing common law and the activity of legal scholars studying and writing about that lawmaking activity are in close harmony. The unifying feature of both endeavors is a mastery and an application of traditional formalist legal analysis. Both courts and legal scholars are focused on the process of deductively applying identified first principles to novel legal issues as a way of determining logically required resolutions of those issues. They are also both involved in the process of refining an established body of common law to accommodate new factual disputes as they arise and to incorporate the preferred resolution of novel issues.

The shift from formalism to instrumentalism profoundly disrupted this harmonious synergy. Much in the same way that the intellectual work of appellate courts changes fundamentally under instrumentalism, so too does the professional posture and responsibilities of legal scholars.

This chapter offers a comprehensive account of modern legal scholarship in the current instrumentalist era.

The chapter focuses on the evolution of the free movement framework in the period after the Single European Act and before the failed Constitutional Treaty. It presents the institutional ambition to disconnect economic objectives from the exercise of free movement rights, in an attempt to create a political community of European nationals. It shows how this ambition was reflected in the case-law of the Court, underlining that economic considerations were never detached from the relevant secondary law.

This chapter introduces the transformative power of music through the inspiring story of Michael, a young man with epilepsy and mutism who experienced remarkable progress through music therapy. It highlights the growing body of research on music’s therapeutic effects, while acknowledging the challenges of studying music’s impact in a rigorous scientific manner. The author emphasizes the importance of integrating music therapy into healthcare, advocating for policy changes to increase access for those in need. This chapter sets the stage for exploring the multifaceted ways music can enhance our health and well-being, drawing on insights from neuroscience, psychology, medicine, and musicology. It invites readers on a journey to discover the extraordinary potential of music to heal, inspire, and transform lives.