The chapter begins with a review of the historical and current socio-political context for sexual minority and gender diverse (SMGD) individuals living in Portugal, followed by relevant research on the associations between minority stress and well-being. A particular focus is devoted to presenting data collected as part of the SMGD-MN study. The chapter concludes with recommendations for future psychological research with SMGD communities in Portugal.

The chapter begins with a review of the historical and current socio-political context for sexual minority and gender diverse (SMGD) individuals living in Indonesia, followed by relevant research on the associations between minority stress and well-being. A particular focus is devoted to presenting data collected as part of the SMGD-MN study. The chapter concludes with recommendations for future psychological research with SMGD communities in Indonesia.

This Introduction distinguishes three approaches to studying politics: political science, political philosophy, and the history of political thought. It identifies the last of these as the focus of the chapters in the collection. It then uses an example from Abraham Lincoln’s 1858 Illinois US Senate debates with Stephen A. Douglas to characterize literature’s relationship to politics. Finally, it distinguishes three approaches to literary history, which it labels poststructuralist discourse analysis, standpoint epistemology, and pragmatism. It treats pragmatism as the most suitable description of the mode of literary history practiced in the chapters in the collection.

Chapter 4 follows different groups of conspirators, with differing agendas, who began to find one another and come together. One group was composed of soldiers who felt that they had been passed over for promotions due to racism. Another small group that was disgruntled by a combination of low wages and racism came together in the shop of a master tailor. And a third group was composed of white professionals who were driven by republican ideas they gleaned from studying the French Revolution. For these groups to come together, there needed to be a delicate balance of maintaining secrecy while also growing the plot and preparing to reveal it publicly. This chapter demonstrates that it was the bonds of relation, and a conviction that they could take care of one another and administer society better than the state, that kept people committed to the plan as they worked through this dangerous moment of expanding the conspiracy. Seen from this perspective, their struggle constituted a definition of the political in which care, concern, rest, and the belief that the people were the seat of sovereignty were foundational to being radicalized.

The study of the quantum–classical correspondence has been focused on the quantum measurement problem. However, most of the discussion in the preceding chapters is motivated by a broader question: Why do we perceive our quantum Universe as classical? Therefore, emergence of the classical phase space and Newtonian dynamics from the quantum Hilbert space must be addressed. Chapter 6 starts by re-deriving decoherence rate for non-local superpositions using the Wigner representation of quantum states. We then discuss the circumstances that, in some situations, make classical points a useful idealization of the quantum states of many-body systems. This classical structure of phase space emerges along with the (at least approximately reversible) Newtonian equations of motion. Approximate reversibility is a non-trivial desideratum given that the quantum evolution of the corresponding open system is typically irreversible. We show when such approximately reversible evolution is possible. We also discuss quantum counterparts of classically chaotic systems and show that, as a consequence of decoherence, their evolution tends to be fundamentally irreversible: They produce entropy at the rate determined by the Lyapunov exponents that characterize classical chaos. Thus, quantum decoherence provides a rigorous rationale for the approximations that led to Boltzmann’s H-theorem.

As of August 2022, blockchain-based assets boast a combined market capitalisation exceeding one trillion USD, among which the most prominent are the decentralised autonomous organisation (DAO) tokens associated with decentralised finance (DeFi) protocols. In this work, we seek to value DeFi tokens using the canonical multiples and discount cash flow (DCF) approaches. We examine a subset of DeFi services including decentralised exchanges (DEXs), protocol for loanable funds (PLFs), and yield aggregators. We apply the same analysis to some publicly traded firms and compare them with DeFi tokens of the analogous category. Interestingly, despite the crypto bear market lasting for more than one year as of August 2022, both approaches evidence overvaluation in DeFi.

This chapter covers respiratory physiology, including lung volumes and mechanics, ventilation and perfusion, compliance, diffusion, oxygen transport, carbon dioxide transport, effects of hypercarbia and hypoxemia, arterial blood gas interpretation, work of breathing, control of ventilation, non-respiratory functions of the lung, and the effects of perioperative smoking. The material is presented in a concise review format, with an emphasis on key words and concepts.

The 1820s and 1830s have received less attention than the 1840s and 1850s in histories of US abolition. Attending to African American antislavery activism of the 1820s and 1830s reveals that these were transformative decades, particularly regarding the issues of colonization, immediate abolition, and kidnapping. These specific political concerns of an often-overshadowed constituency, African Americans themselves, shaped the literary conventions of slave narratives published in these earlier two decades. Fugitive slave narratives of the 1820s and 1830s feature an active practice of vigilant watchfulness that anticipates and counters the threat of surveillance through sousveillance (watching from below). Sousveillance is thus a specific narrative manifestation of the vigilance urged by black political activists. Later slave narratives, shaped by the priorities of white-dominated institutional abolition, downplay the agency of African American sousveillants in favor of a more passive story of victimization.

The chapter begins with a review of the historical and current socio-political context for sexual minority and gender diverse (SMGD) individuals living in Switzerland, followed by relevant research on the associations between minority stress and well-being. A particular focus is devoted to presenting data collected as part of the SMGD-MN study. The chapter concludes with recommendations for future psychological research with SMGD communities in Switzerland.

In the annals of India's legal history, the journey of environmental jurisprudence stands as a testament to the country's evolving consciousness and commitment towards preserving its natural heritage. Tracing its evolution through the decades, thus, becomes vitally important in not just understanding the pulse of India's evolving environmental paradigm but also in assessing the direction in which it is heading.

My own journey in environmental law, marked by relentless legal battles, has been driven by a deep-seated belief in the power of jurisprudence to safeguard our natural world. The establishment of environmental tribunals in India, a direct consequence of these legal battles, symbolizes a shift in the Indian judicial paradigm – a shift aimed at moving from reactive measures to proactive environmental governance. The National Green Tribunal (NGT), in particular, was established to be an embodiment of this transformation, serving as a specialized body to address the complex and urgent environmental challenges facing our nation. However, even after more than a decade of the Tribunal's establishment, the general dearth of comprehensive literature on the NGT has often hindered a deeper understanding of its functions, challenges, and impacts.

The authors, Raghuveer Nath and Armin Rosencranz, have done commendable work in filling this significant void in the literature on environmental jurisprudence in India. Their book, Evolution of Environmental Jurisprudence in India: The National Green Tribunal, provides nuanced insights into the NGT's formation, functioning, and the challenges it is yet to overcome. In a country where environmental issues are as diverse as its ecology, the need for such comprehensive academic work cannot be overstated. It offers a reservoir of knowledge for practitioners, academicians, policymakers, and students alike.

Perhaps, one of the most important aspects of this work is that it allows the reader to situate the present environmental legal trends within the larger context of India's environmental jurisprudence. For instance, the three most important environmental law principles – polluter pays, precautionary principle, and sustainable development – have undergone significant changes over the last few decades. The book highlights how these principles have been historically evolved and deployed with varying standards depending on the circumstances of different cases. In doing so, it allows the reader to navigate through internal legal contradictions and helps them to contrast the NGT's adjudication with that of the Indian Supreme Court and international environmental law.

The Constitution of Zambia protects freedom of thought is one of the two components of freedom of conscience, with the other component being freedom of religion or belief. This chapter considers the extent to which the letter of the law comports with the spirit of the law. The analysis suggests that the letter of the law hardly comports with the spirit of the law. First, the letter of the law appears to wrongly conflate three distinct types of freedom insofar as it portrays freedom of conscience is ‘an umbrella freedom’ and freedom of thought and freedom of religion or belief as specific components thereof. Second, the letter of the law does not appear to comport with the spirit of the law insofar as it suggests that it protects a person from being hindered in the enjoyment of his/her freedom of thought or freedom of conscience only where the hindrance occurs without one’s own consent. Third, the letter of the law does not appear to comport with the spirit of the law insofar as it suggests that the state can impose restrictions on, and derogate from, freedom of thought and freedom of conscience. The chapter culminates in a call for reform.

This chapter will review the hematologic system and the various medications that an anesthesiologist will encounter. Heparin and warfarin are the most common anticoagulants encountered; however, more recently, new oral and intravenous anticoagulants targeting other factors of the coagulation cascade are being used in their place. As these new medications are developed, identification and knowledge of their characteristics will help guide patient care. Many of these new medications offer particular advantages as compared with the older medications and have been proven to be more effective when treating certain diseases. However, along with these advantages are disadvantages, particularly regarding bleeding and lack of effective reversal agents. Just as there have been advances in anticoagulation, newer antiplatelet agents have also been discovered, introducing a new set of advantages and disadvantages. Although transfusion medicine is discussed in later chapters, we will discuss potential alternatives to blood transfusions as well. Finally, this chapter will also briefly discuss various immunosuppressive agents that one may encounter in the OR setting.

Nineteenth-century women gained limited property and voting rights by embracing naturalized gender roles, including motherhood, as famously described in Catharine E. Beecher and Harriet Beecher Stowe’s The American Woman’s Home (1869). Such normative appeals to a feminized domestic sphere appear to contradict a first-wave nineteenth-century feminism that, through efforts like Elizabeth Cady Stanton’s Declaration of Rights and Sentiments (1848), sought political gains for women in the form of property and voting rights equivalent to those of men, but second-wave feminist historians from the 1960s through the 1980s have shown how similar ends were advanced by less radical means: embracing the middle-class mother’s normative gendered role as natural nurturer enabled women to leverage their credibility within the domestic sphere in order to advance political projects both within and beyond it. In addition to resisting traditional restrictions on their rights, women embraced their gendered role as natural mothers to pursue political activism on behalf of impoverished women in urban areas. Third-wave feminism has challenged the normative roles at the core of this gendered separation of spheres, roles that at once restricted nineteenth-century women’s political activity but also authorized them to mobilize, as natural women and mothers, in political resistance to economic oppression.

This chapter argues that recent global histories of Europe represent one specific mode of global awareness in a long history of European global historical and social scientific consciousness. European history after our most recent “global turn” must take into account previous modes of global consciousness and examine how globalization has been shaped by this knowledge. Past understanding of global interconnectedness did not necessarily lead to more open borders, increased interdependency, or growing cultural fluidity. Dis-integrating and downscaling modes of social organization were invented and reinvigorated in response to perceived global forces. There were also conscious attempts to channel the fruits and accumulations of global processes based on an awareness of their potentially enriching and destabilizing impact. These efforts to take control of globalization did not stop it, but they did give it a specific shape in particular moments. This chapter argues that the half-century following the French Revolution witnessed what might be called a deglobalizing globalization: a moment when the global integration that many considered responsible for the upheaval of the Revolution did not stop but was redirected in the service of a sovereign nation through the birth of new modes of social science and history writing.

Transfusion of blood products can lead to a number of complications. In this chapter, the presentation, diagnosis, mechanism of action, incidence, treatment, and prevention of transfusion reactions are outlined. The reactions summarized in comparison with one another are febrile non-hemolytic, allergic, and hemolytic transfusion reactions. Other complications of transfusions, such as infections, immunosuppression, citrate intoxication, and acid–base and electrolyte abnormalities, are also explained, along with those associated with massive transfusions, such as coagulopathies and hypothermia. Pulmonary complications of transfusions, namely Transfusion-Related Acute Lung Injury (TRALI) and Transfusion-Associated Circulatory Overload (TACO), have been reviewed with the most up-to-date literature. The presentation, diagnosis, mechanism of action, incidence, treatment, and prevention of these two reactions are outlined, as well.