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3357981 results

Page 178 of 167900

  • 4 - Norms: Inference and Interventions

  • from Part I - Building Blocks
  • Edited by Bertram Malle, Brown University, Rhode Island, Philip Robbins, University of Missouri
  • Book:
    The Cambridge Handbook of Moral Psychology
    Published online:
    20 February 2025
    Print publication:
    27 February 2025, pp 78-100

  • Summary

    This chapter of the handbook examines the foundational role of norms in moral psychology, a topic that has long garnered cross-disciplinary interest from philosophy to biology, from anthropology to computer science. The authors touch briefly on the debates over potentially different types of norm (e.g., conventional, social, moral, legal) and maintain that social and moral norms, in particular, are difficult to separate unless one adopts a specific theoretical position. The authors’ treatment centers on a core feature of most or all social and moral norms: that people, in complying or not complying with norms, are sensitive to other community members’ norm-relevant beliefs and attitudes. By recognizing this sensitivity, scientists can, first, gain a better scientific understanding of norm inference, the complex processes by which people learn which norms apply to a given setting and how strong the norms are; and second, they can better diagnose whether (and how strongly) a given norm exists in a community. All these insights pave the way for potential interventions on people’s beliefs about the community’s norms, which are easier to change than individual moral convictions.

  • Can the Supreme Court Generate Public Acceptance of Election Rulings? Politicized Appointments, Elite Norm Violations, and the 2020 Election

  • Brandon L. Bartels, Eric Kramon
  • Journal:
    Journal of Law and Courts ,
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    27 February 2025, pp. 1-22
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  • We argue that the controversial Barrett appointment and President Trump’s norm-violating rhetoric posed risks to the Supreme Court’s ability to generate acceptance of a 2020 election intervention. We fielded four nationally-representative survey experiments to measure the Court’s ability to generate public acceptance of an election intervention across key events during the election period. Results show that public acceptance changed substantially across events. The Court lacked the ability to induce acceptance, particularly among Democrats, after the election. Only after the Court dismisses the Republican-led election challenge does acceptance rebound. The Court’s ability to generate public acceptance regarding election disputes appears tenuous.

  • A UNIFIED THEORY FOR ARMA MODELS WITH VARYING COEFFICIENTS: ONE SOLUTION FITS ALL

  • Menelaos Karanasos, Alexandros G. Paraskevopoulos, Tassos Magdalinos, Alessandra Canepa
  • Journal:
    Econometric Theory , First View
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    27 February 2025, pp. 1-54
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  • A new explicit solution representation is provided for ARMA recursions with drift and either deterministically or stochastically varying coefficients. It is expressed in terms of the determinants of banded Hessenberg matrices and, as such, is an explicit function of the coefficients. In addition to computational efficiency, the proposed solution provides a more explicit analysis of the fundamental properties of such processes, including their Wold–Cramér decomposition, their covariance structure, and their asymptotic stability and efficiency. Explicit formulae for optimal linear forecasts based either on finite or infinite sequences of past observations are provided. The practical significance of the theoretical results in this work is illustrated with an application to U.S. inflation data. The main finding is that inflation persistence increased after 1976, whereas from 1986 onward, the persistence declines and stabilizes to even lower levels than the pre-1976 period.

  • 3 - The City in Question

  • Andrew Wallace-Hadrill, University of Cambridge
  • Book:
    The Idea of the City in Late Antiquity
    Published online:
    30 January 2025
    Print publication:
    27 February 2025, pp 74-114

  • Summary

    It is often suggested that new thinking brought by Christianity spelled the end of ancient ideas of the city. Three Christian authors of the fifth century -- Orosius, Augustine, and Salvian -- have much to say on cities and citizenship. Despite the shock of the sack of Rome, all three are convinced of the value of Roman citizenship, and respond resiliently to the troubles of Rome and other cities of the empire. Augustine’s treatise, the City of God, while offering the Heavenly City and a citizenship in faith as the ultimate aspiration, see it as entangled in the terrestrial world of cities. Salvian is scathing about the moral failings of the city elites, to which he attributes the divine wrath of barbarian devastations, and vividly portrays urban corruption, but in a plea for better cities rather than abandonment of cities.

  • Comparison of different approaches applied for surgical correction of partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection

  • Fan Fan, Song Bai, Xiaofeng Li, Zhiqiang Li, Feng Tong, Jian Guo, Nan Ding, Zhangke Guo
  • Journal:
    Cardiology in the Young , First View
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    27 February 2025, pp. 1-8
  • Background:

    Right anterolateral thoracotomy or left anterolateral thoracotomy applied to partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection correction have been reported to obtain cosmetic and less invasive outcomes as alternative approaches to median sternotomy. However, the application of different approaches is still confusing. We compared the perioperative and mid-term outcomes to seek indications of different approaches and guide surgical treatment of partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection.

    Methods:

    From July 2019 to August 2023, 44 patients who underwent surgical correction of partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection were recruited. Of these, 13 (29.6%) patients who underwent median sternotomy were separated into M group, 28 (63.6%) patients who underwent right anterolateral thoracotomy were separated into R group, and three (6.8%) patients who underwent left anterolateral thoracotomy were separated into L group. Clinical data were reviewed and compared between each group.

    Results:

    In M group, direct anastomosis accounted for the most (7, 53.8%), in R group, intra-atrial rerouting accounted for the most (22, 78.6%), and in L group, direct anastomosis accounted for the most (3, 100%). R group had shorter cardiopulmonary bypass time (70.0 ± 32.4 vs113.1 ± 83.3, p = 0.029), shorter ICU stay (1.0 ± 0.2 vs 1.9 ± 1.7, p = 0.01), shorter postoperative stay (6.0 ± 1.2 vs 8.3 ± 5.0, p = 0.021), and fewer chest tube drainage (8.4 ± 4.3 vs 13.9 ± 10.2, p = 0.026) compared with M group. Three left-sided partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection in L group adopted off-pump approach.

    Conclusions:

    Median sternotomy S.V.C. can be applicable to all anatomic types of partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection especially for complex types. Considering the minimally invasive advantages, we prefer applying right anterolateral thoracotomy for pulmonary vein connected to right atrium or proximal end of off-pump. Applying left anterolateral thoracotomy for left-sided partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection without atrial septal defect by off-pump.

  • The association between nonsuicidal and suicidal self-injurious behaviors: A systematic review and expanded conceptual model

  • Brooke A. Ammerman, Taylor A. Burke, Caitlin M. O’Loughlin, Rebecca Hammond
  • Journal:
    Development and Psychopathology , First View
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    27 February 2025, pp. 1-16
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  • Objectives:

    Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) is one of the strongest predictors of suicidal behavior. Despite this, the field still has a limited understanding of the mechanisms by which this relationship is conferred.

    Method:

    We conducted a systematic review of the empirical research examining potential factors driving (i.e., moderators, mediators) the relationship between NSSI and suicidal behavior to address this gap in the literature.

    Results:

    We identified only 15 studies examining moderators or mediators of this relationship, examining 40 unique mediators and 22 unique moderators. Three prominent weaknesses were identified in the reviewed literature: (1) limited intersection with existing theoretical models of the NSSI – suicidal behavior relationship, (2) little replication of findings across studies (i.e., only four mediators and four moderators assessed in multiple studies), and (3) only one of the included studies utilized a prospective design. Research to date does little to improve our understanding of the theoretical or prospective relationship between NSSI and suicidal behavior, highlighting a foundational gap in the literature.

    Discussion:

    We propose the Nonsuicidal to Suicidal Self-Injury Pathway Model, a new conceptual model of the relationship between NSSI and suicidal behavior, drawing on extant theory and empirical research; we discuss future directions for work in this area.

  • 4 - Showing, Telling, and Not Telling

  • Sarah Roddy, Maynooth University
  • Book:
    Money and Irish Catholicism
    Published online:
    20 February 2025
    Print publication:
    27 February 2025, pp 129-165

  • Summary

    This chapter concentrates on church buildings, arguing that while they were one of the most significant products of the Catholic Church’s fundraising in this period, they were also, in themselves, important sites of both highly public and deeply intimate fundraising. Taking a material culture approach, the chapter treats a sample of churches built in the post-Famine era as sources that illuminate important aspects of the financial relationship between people and priests. It first discusses the widespread understanding of the church as the ‘house of God’. It then analyses the phenomenon of sponsorship of material and sacred items in the church interior via memorial inscriptions, as well as the interaction of lay people with shrines and a variety of collecting boxes commonly located inside chapels.

  • The sacred gun: the religious and magical elements of America's gun culture

  • Paul Froese, Ruiqian Li, F. Carson Mencken
  • Journal:
    Politics and Religion , First View
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    27 February 2025, pp. 1-28
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  • Gun culture is properly measured by a population's emotional and symbolic attachment to guns and not by rates of gun ownership. Using data from the Baylor Religion Survey (wave 6), we find that nearly all gun owners feel that guns provide them with a physical sense of security (Gun Security), but a distinct and crucial sub-set of owners express an additional and strong attachment to their weapons (Gun Sanctity). Gun Sanctity measures the extent to which owners think their guns make them more patriotic, respected, in control, and valued by their family and community. We propose that Gun Sanctity is a form of quasi-religious or magical thinking in which an object is imbued with unseen powers. To assess this proposal, we look at the extent to which gun ownership, Gun Security, and Gun Sanctity are related to traditional religion and various forms of magical thinking, namely, (a) conspiratorialism, (b) the belief that prayer can fix financial and health problems, and (c) support for Christian Statism, a form of American theocracy. We find that Gun Sanctity is highly predictive of different forms of magical thinking but is often unrelated to more traditional religious practices and beliefs.

  • Pulmonary artery banding for dilated and depressed left ventricle: dilated cardiomyopathy versus left ventricular non-compaction cardiomyopathy

  • Andrey Semyashkin, Julia Nesteruk, Dimitra Giannikopouloui, Michael Scheid, Gleb Tarusinov, Aktam Tannous, Marcel Te Vrugt, Lotfi Ben Mime
  • Journal:
    Cardiology in the Young , First View
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    27 February 2025, pp. 1-5
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  • Objectives:

    To retrospectively assess the suitability of pulmonary artery banding as a treatment strategy for dilated cardiomyopathy and left ventricular non-compaction cardiomyopathy with depressed left ventricular ejection fraction.

    Methods:

    The study was retrospective and included consecutive patients who met the inclusion criteria: diagnosed with dilated cardiomyopathy or left ventricular non-compaction cardiomyopathy and left ventricular ejection fraction less than 35%. Cardiac indices were documented, and clinical outcomes were followed for 5 years.

    Results:

    This study included 21 patients with depressed left ventricular ejection fraction due to dilated cardiomyopathy (n = 11) or left ventricular non-compaction cardiomyopathy (n = 10), treated either with anti-congestion medication alone or in combination with pulmonary artery banding. The groups treated with pulmonary artery banding showed significant improvement in left ventricular ejection fraction compared to controls (ANOVA, p = 0.0002), with no major adverse events. In the subgroup with left ventricular non-compaction, pulmonary artery banding led to significant improvement of the left ventricular ejection fraction (p = 0.00002) and significant reductions in the Z scores of left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (p = 0.0002) and of end-diastolic volume (p = 0.004).

    Conclusions:

    Pulmonary artery banding appears to be a viable strategy for improving heart function in patients with non-compaction and dilated cardiomyopathy and depressed left ventricular ejection fraction. While pulmonary artery banding demonstrated more pronounced benefits in the subgroup with non-compaction cardiomyopathy, significantly enhancing cardiac restoration indices throughout the follow-up period, warranting further investigation in larger studies.

  • 4 - Controlling Dissent and Imposing Authority

  • Adolfo Polo y La Borda, University of Nottingham
  • Book:
    Global Servants of the Spanish King
    Published online:
    20 February 2025
    Print publication:
    27 February 2025, pp 166-202

  • Summary

    The chapter focuses on five disparate exercises of power spanning the global empire: the rebellions of the Araucanians, the Sangleys of Manila in the Philippines, the peasants of Córdoba in Andalusia, the Indians of Oaxaca in New Spain, and the expulsion of the moriscos from the Iberian Peninsula. Different scenarios of opposition to royal authority and their concomitant repression are analyzed to contrast how officials acted and thought, incorporating and rejecting subjects, and to study how the same official could perform in two very distinct circumstances and locales. More importantly, close attention is paid to the circulation of political ideas. Practices of government were transmitted worldwide, as well as the tropes and stereotypes on which royal officials relied for assessing imperial subjects and imposing royal authority on them.

  • Cultural persistence in health-seeking behaviour: a mixed-method study of traditional healing practices among Garo tribal women in Meghalaya, India

  • Piyasa Mal, Nandita Saikia
  • Journal:
    Journal of Biosocial Science , First View
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    27 February 2025, pp. 1-20
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  • The Garo tribe, one of a major indigenous communities of Meghalaya, India, relies heavily on their traditional health practices. This research investigates the healthcare-seeking behaviour of Garo women, their health concerns, their indigenous medical knowledge, and their reasons for preferring traditional over modern medicines. Conducted in East Garo Hills, Meghalaya, quantitative data (N = 96) were randomly collected from Garo women aged 15–49 through interviews to understand their health-seeking behaviour. Following a preliminary analysis, qualitative data (N = 12) were gathered through in-depth interviews to identify common illnesses, dimensions of traditional medicines, and reasons for dependency on them. Thematic analysis was performed using Atlas Ti. The result shows that almost 84% of Garo women (N = 86) seek treatment from Ojha (traditional healer) for achik (traditional) medicine, with only 6% using modern health facilities and 10% relying on herbal home remedies. Garo women rely on their age-old traditional remedies for health issues, irrespective of their educational or economic status. From the qualitative findings, this study explores the Garo tribe’s unique traditional medicine, known as ‘achik medicine’, prepared through local herbs and plants, and is disseminated by traditional healers, or ‘ojhas’, whose knowledge is generational. Moreover, every Garo household possesses medicinal plants, and all are knowledgeable about their use. Major health issues faced by Garo women are menstrual disorders, post-delivery weakness, fever with severe headache and jaundice. Reasons for using achik medicines are more effectiveness than modern medicines, cultural identity, preference for natural remedies, efficiency of Ojhas, availability, accessibility, and affordability of Ojhas. Meanwhile, the reasons for using limited use of modern healthcare facilities are poor quality of service and remote location. This study underscores the importance of preserving indigenous knowledge systems and respecting cultural heritage while ensuring the well-being of marginalised communities. Additionally, it highlights the need to improve modern healthcare quality and public transportation in the region.

Page 178 of 167900