Self-harm, self-poisoning or self-injury, irrespective of the motivation, is a central risk factor for suicide. Still, there is limited knowledge of self-harm among patients with substance use disorders (SUDs) who die by suicide.

We aimed to describe the prevalence of a history of self-harm and identify the factors associated with self-harm, comparing individuals who died by suicide with and without SUDs.

We used data from the Norwegian Surveillance System for Suicide in Mental Health and Substance Use Services, which is based on a national linkage between the Norwegian Cause of Death Registry and the Norwegian Patient Registry, to identify individuals who died by suicide within 1 year after last contact with mental health or substance use services (n = 1140). A questionnaire was retrieved for 1041 (91.3%) of these individuals. We used least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression to select variables and compared patients with and without SUDs. Conditional selective inference was used to improve 90% confidence intervals and p-values.

The prevalence of self-harm was 55% in patients with SUDs and 52.6% in patients without SUDs. Suicidal ideation (odds ratio 2.98 (95% CI 1.74–5.10)) emerged as a factor shared with patients without SUDs, while personality disorders (odds ratio 1.96 (1.12–3.40)) and a history of violence (odds ratio 1.86 (1.20–2.87)) were unique factors for patients with SUDs.

A history of self-harm is prevalent in patients with SUDs who die by suicide and is associated with suicidal ideation, a history of violence and personality disorders in patients with SUDs.

Suicide-related stigma (i.e. negative attitudes towards people with suicidal thoughts and/or behaviours as well as those bereaved by suicide) is a potential risk factor for suicide and mental health problems. To date, there has been no scoping review investigating the association between suicide-related stigma and mental health, help-seeking, suicide and grief across several groups affected by suicide.

To determine the nature of the relationship between suicide-related stigma and mental health, help-seeking, grief (as a result of suicide bereavement) and suicide risk.

This review was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42022327093). Five databases (Web of Science, APA PsycInfo, Embase, ASSIA and PubMed) were searched, with the final update in May 2024. Studies were included if they were published in English between 2000 and 2024 and assessed both suicide-related stigma AND one of the following: suicide, suicidal thoughts or suicidal behaviours, help-seeking, grief or other mental health variables. Following screening of 14 994 studies, 100 eligible studies were identified. Following data charting, cross-checking was conducted to ensure no relevant findings were missed.

Findings across the studies were mixed. However, most commonly, suicide-related stigma was associated with higher levels of suicide risk, poor mental health, lowered help-seeking and grief-related difficulties. A model of suicide-related stigma has been developed to display the directionality of these associations.

This review emphasises the importance of reducing the stigma associated with suicide and suicidal behaviour to improve outcomes for individuals affected by suicide. It also identifies gaps in our knowledge as well as providing suggestions for future research.

Forming ‘if-then’ plans has been shown to reduce self-harm among people admitted to hospital following an episode of self-harm.

To explore whether the same intervention, delivered online, could prevent future self-harm among a large community sample who had previously self-harmed.

UK adults were recruited to a randomised controlled trial and received either an intervention to reduce self-harm or one to reduce sedentariness (control group). Randomisation was stratified to ensure both groups were representative of the UK population. There were three primary outcomes: non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI), suicidal ideation and suicide attempts, assessed at baseline and 6 months post-intervention.

Participants (1040) were randomised to the intervention (n = 520) or control (n = 520) group. The vast majority of people formed implementation intentions in both the experimental (n = 459 (88.3%)) and control (n = 520 (100%)) condition. Overall, the intervention did not significantly reduce the frequency of NSSI, suicidal ideation or suicide attempts. Among people who had self-harmed in the past week at follow-up, mixed analysis of covariance revealed a significant interaction between time and condition for reflective motivation, F(1,102) = 7.08, P < 0.01, pn2 = 0.07, such that significantly lower levels of reflective motivation were reported at follow-up in the control condition, t(57) = 2.42, P = 0.02.

This web-based intervention has limited utility for reducing self-reported self-harm or suicidal ideation in adults with a history of self-harm. Further work is needed to improve the effectiveness of brief interventions for self-harm aimed at adults living in the community and to understand the conditions under which the intervention may or may not be effective.

A lifetime history of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is a risk factor for subsequent behavioural and emotional problems, including depression, aggression and heightened emotional reactivity. Traumatic experiences, which are frequently reported by individuals with NSSI, also show predictive links to these mental health problems. However, the exact connections between these areas and their subdomains remain unclear.

To explore in detail the relationships of specific characteristics of NSSI (e.g. termination in adolescence, duration, frequency, reinforcement mechanisms) and various types of traumatic experience (emotional, physical, sexual) with distinct aspects of emotional reactivity (sensitivity, intensity, persistence), aggression (behavioural, cognitive, affective) and severity of depression in university students.

Via online survey, 150 university students aged 18 to 25 years, who had self-injured at least once, provided information on NSSI, and completed questionnaires including the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, Patient Health Questionnaire, Emotion Reactivity Scale, and Aggression Questionnaire. Regression analyses were conducted to determine risk factors linked to increased depression scores, aggression and emotional reactivity. The study was pre-registered in the German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS00023731).

Childhood emotional abuse contributed to emotional reactivity, aggression and depressive symptom severity (β = 0.33–0.51). Risk factors for sustained NSSI beyond adolescence included increased automatic positive reinforcement (odds ratio: 2.24).

Childhood emotional abuse significantly contributes to emotional and behavioural problems and needs to be considered in NSSI therapy. NSSI was found to persist into adulthood when used as an emotion regulation strategy.

Smartphone apps combined with psychological interventions may be beneficial for increasing adherence to treatment tasks and augmenting outcomes. Yet, there is limited research on the acceptability and feasibility of adjunctive smartphone apps with psychological therapies for adolescents engaging in self-harm and suicidal behaviours. This study aimed to evaluate the acceptability and feasibility of integrating the Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT) Coach app as an adjunct to a comprehensive DBT programme. The study also aimed to explore statistical trends of the potential relationship between the DBT Coach app and symptom reduction, including self-harm, borderline personality disorder symptoms, emotion dysregulation, and DBT skill use, to inform future study design. A mixed-method design was used to evaluate the acceptability and feasibility of the app and clinician’s portal from the perspective of adolescent and clinician participants. Thematic analysis was used to analyse qualitative data. Results indicated varied experiences of acceptability and feasibility of the DBT Coach app and portal as an adjunct to DBT. Thematic analysis generated four over-arching themes and ten subthemes. The regression analysis provided statistical trends regarding potential relationships between app use and clinical outcomes, which would be helpful to explore in future research. Findings suggest that the app and portal were acceptable and feasible for the most part, with some barriers and challenges identified. Implications of this study are discussed.

1. (1) To learn about the acceptability and feasibility of using a smartphone application as an adjunct to a DBT skills group within a comprehensive DBT programme for adolescents.

2. (2) To explore whether there is a relationship between app use and clinical outcome at the end of the group intervention.

3. (3) To learn about the experiences of adolescents and clinicians using the smartphone app as an adjunct to the DBT skills group.

Physical activities are widely implemented for non-pharmacological intervention to alleviate depressive symptoms. However, there is little evidence supporting their genotype-specific effectiveness in reducing the risk of self-harm in patients with depression.

To assess the associations between physical activity and self-harm behaviour and determine the recommended level of physical activity across the genotypes.

We developed the bidirectional analytical model to investigate the genotype-specific effectiveness on UK Biobank. After the genetic stratification of the depression phenotype cohort using hierarchical clustering, multivariable logistic regression models and Cox proportional hazards models were built to investigate the associations between physical activity and the risk of self-harm behaviour.

A total of 28 923 subjects with depression phenotypes were included in the study. In retrospective cohort analysis, the moderate and highly active groups were at lower risk of self-harm behaviour. In the followed prospective cohort analysis, light-intensity physical activity was associated with a lower risk of hospitalisations due to self-harm behaviour in one genetic cluster (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.28 [95% CI, 0.08–0.96]), which was distinguished by three genetic variants: rs1432639, rs4543289 and rs11209948. Compliance with the guideline-level moderate-to-vigorous physical activities was not significantly related to the risk of self-harm behaviour.

A genotype-specific dose of light-intensity physical activity reduces the risk of self-harm by around a fourth in depressive patients.

There is evidence of increasing rates of hospital presentations for suicidal crisis, and emergency departments (EDs) are described as an intervention point for suicide prevention. Males account for three in every four suicides in Ireland and are up to twice as likely as females to eventually die by suicide following a hospital presentation for suicidal crisis. This study therefore aimed to profile the characteristics of ED presentations for suicidal ideation and self-harm acts among males in Ireland, using clinical data collected by self-harm nurses within a dedicated national service for crisis presentations to EDs.

Using ED data from 2018–2021, variability in the sociodemographic characteristics of male presentations was examined, followed by age-based diversity in the characteristics of presentations and interventions delivered. Finally, likelihood of onward referral to subsequent care was examined according to presentation characteristics.

Across 45,729 presentations, males more commonly presented with suicidal ideation than females (56% v. 44%) and less often with self-harm (42% v. 58%). Drug- and alcohol-related overdose was the most common method of self-harm observed. A majority of males presenting to ED reported no existing linkage with mental health services.

Emergency clinicians have an opportunity to ensure subsequent linkage to mental health services for males post-crisis, with the aim of prevention of suicides.

Co-occurring self-harm and aggression (dual harm) is particularly prevalent among forensic mental health service (FMHS) patients. There is limited understanding of why this population engages in dual harm.

This work aims to explore FMHS patients’ experiences of dual harm and how they make sense of this behaviour, with a focus on the role of emotions.

Participants were identified from their participation in a previous study. Sixteen FMHS patients with a lifetime history of dual harm were recruited from two hospitals. Individuals participated in one-to-one, semi-structured interviews where they reflected on past and/or current self-harm and aggression. Interview transcripts were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis.

Six themes were generated: self-harm and aggression as emotional regulation strategies, the consequences of witnessing harmful behaviours, relationships with others and the self, trapped within the criminal justice system, the convergence and divergence of self-harm and aggression, and moving forward as an FMHS patient. Themes highlighted shared risk factors of dual harm across participants, including emotional dysregulation, perceived lack of social support and witnessing harmful behaviours. Participants underlined the duality of their self-harm and aggression, primarily utilising both to regulate negative emotions. These behaviours also fulfilled distinct purposes at times (e.g. self-harm as punishment, aggression as defence). The impact of contextual factors within FMHSs, including restrictive practices and institutionalisation, were emphasised.

Findings provide recommendations that can help address dual harm within forensic settings, including (a) transdiagnostic, individualised approaches that consider the duality of self-harm and aggression; and (b) cultural and organisational focus on recovery-centred practice.

Suicide in women in the UK is highest among those in midlife. Given the unique changes in biological, social and economic risk factors experienced by women in midlife, more information is needed to inform care.

To investigate rates, characteristics and outcomes of self-harm in women in midlife compared to younger women and identify differences within the midlife age-group.

Data on women aged 40–59 years from the Multicentre Study of Self-harm in England from 2003 to 2016 were used, including mortality follow-up to 2019, collected via specialist assessments and/or emergency department records. Trends were assessed using negative binomial regression models. Comparative analysis used chi-square tests of association. Self-harm repetition and suicide mortality analyses used Cox proportional hazards models.

The self-harm rate in midlife women was 435 per 100 000 population and relatively stable over time (incident rate ratio (IRR) 0.99, p < 0.01). Midlife women reported more problems with finances, alcohol and physical and mental health. Suicide was more common in the oldest midlife women (hazard ratio 2.20, p < 0.01), while psychosocial assessment and psychiatric inpatient admission also increased with age.

Addressing issues relating to finances, mental health and alcohol misuse, alongside known social and biological transitions, may help reduce self-harm in women in midlife. Alcohol use was important across midlife while physical health problems and bereavement increased with age. Despite receiving more intensive follow-up care, suicide risk in the oldest women was elevated. Awareness of these vulnerabilities may help inform clinicians’ risk formulation and safety planning.

Childhood contact with social services is associated with a range of adverse mental health outcomes across the life course, yet there is limited evidence in relation to self-harm and suicidal or self-harm ideation.

Determine the association between all tiers of childhood contact with social services and presentation to an emergency department (ED) with self-harm or thoughts of suicide or self-harm (ideation) in young adulthood.

This retrospective cohort study linked population-wide administrative data on self-harm and ideation presentations recorded in the Northern Ireland Registry of Self-Harm (NIRSH) between 2012 and 2015 to primary care registrations and children’s social care data. Multilevel logistic regression models estimated the association between level of contact with social services in childhood (no contact; referred but assessed as not in need; child in need and child in care) and ED-presenting self-harm or ideation in young adulthood.

There were 253,495 individuals born 1985–1993 with full data, alive and resident in Northern Ireland during 2012–2015 (ages 18–30 years). Of all young adults that presented to EDs with self-harm or ideation, 40.9% had contact with social services in childhood. Young adults with a history of care had 10-fold increased odds of self-harm or ideation (OR = 10.49 [95% CI, 9.45–11.66]) relative to those with no contact. Even those assessed as not in need of any help or support in childhood were three times more likely to present with self-harm or ideation (OR = 3.45 [95% CI, 3.07–3.88]).

Understanding the magnitude of childhood adversity amongst adults that present to EDs with self-harm or ideation may inform clinicians’ understanding and therapeutic decision-making. Whilst EDs provide an important setting in which to administer brief interventions, a multi-agency approach is required to reduce self-harm/ideation in young adults that had contact with social services in childhood.

An improved understanding of the factors associated with self-harm in young people who die by suicide can inform suicide prevention measures.

To describe sociodemographic and clinical characteristics and service utilisation related to self-harm in a national sample of young people who died by suicide.

We carried out a descriptive study of self-harm in a national consecutive case series (N = 544) of 10- to 19-year-olds who died by suicide over 3 years (2014–2016) in the UK as identified from national mortality data. Information was collected from coroner inquest hearings, child death investigations, criminal justice system and National Health Service serious incident reports.

Almost half (49%) of these young people had harmed themselves at some point in their lives, a quarter (26%) in the 3 months before death. Girls were twice as likely as boys to have recent self-harm (40 v. 20%; P < 0.001). Compared to the no self-harm group, young people with recent self-harm were more likely to have a mental illness diagnosis (63 v. 23%; P < 0.001); misused alcohol (19 v. 9%; P = 0.07); experienced physical, sexual or emotional abuse (17 v. 3%; P < 0.01); and recent life adversity (95 v. 75%; P < 0.001). Furthermore, they were more likely to be in contact with mental health services (60 v. 10%), or emergency departments or general physicians for a mental health condition (52 v. 10%) in the 3 months before death.

Presentation to services in young people who self-harm is an important opportunity to intervene through comprehensive psychosocial assessment and treatment of underlying conditions.

Rates of self-harm among children and young people (CYP) have been on the rise, presenting major public health concerns in Australia and worldwide. However, there is a scarcity of evidence relating to self-harm among CYP from culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) backgrounds.

To analyse the relationship between self-harm-related mental health presentations of CYP to emergency departments and CALD status in South Western Sydney (SWS), Australia.

We analysed electronic medical records of mental health-related emergency department presentations by CYP aged between 10 and up to 18 years in six public hospitals in the SWS region from January 2016 to March 2022. A multilevel logistic regression model was used on these data to assess the association between self-harm-related presentations and CALD status while adjusting for covariates and individual-level clustering.

Self-harm accounted for 2457 (31.5%) of the 7789 mental health-related emergency department presentations by CYP; CYP from a CALD background accounted for only 8% (n = 198) of the self-harm-related presentations. CYP from the lowest two most socioeconomic disadvantaged areas made 63% (n = 1544) of the total self-harm-related presentations. Findings of the regression models showed that CYP from a CALD background (compared with those from non-CALD backgrounds) had 19% lower odds of self-harm (adjusted odds ratio 0.81, 95% CI 0.66–0.99).

Findings of this study provide insights into the self-harm-related mental health presentations and other critical clinical features related to CYP from CALD backgrounds that could better inform health service planning and policy to manage self-harm presentations and mental health problems among CYP.

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a debilitating condition characterized by pervasive instability across multiple major domains of functioning. The majority of persons with BPD engage in self-injury and up to 10% die by suicide – rendering persons with this condition at exceptionally elevated risk of comorbidity and premature mortality. Better characterization of clinical risk factors among persons with BPD who die by suicide is urgently needed.

We examined patterns of medical and psychiatric diagnoses (1580 to 1700 Phecodes) among persons with BPD who died by suicide (n = 379) via a large suicide death data resource and biobank. In phenotype-based phenome-wide association tests, we compared these individuals to three other groups: (1) persons who died by suicide without a history of BPD (n = 9468), (2) persons still living with a history of BPD diagnosis (n = 280), and (3) persons who died by suicide with a different personality disorder (other PD n = 589).

Multivariable logistic regression models revealed that persons with BPD who died by suicide were more likely to present with co-occurring psychiatric diagnoses, and have a documented history of self-harm in the medical system prior to death, relative to suicides without BPD. Posttraumatic stress disorder was more elevated among those with BPD who died by suicide relative to the other PD group.

We found significant differences among persons with BPD who died by suicide and all other comparison groups. Such differences may be clinically informative for identifying high-risk subtypes and providing targeted intervention approaches.

Youth self-harm (SH) is viewed as a public health concern and one of the main reasons for urgent psychiatry assessment. This systematic review sought to establish prevalence of SH among youth in Ireland.

A systematic review using pre-defined search terms was conducted (Jan 1980–March 2024).

From a total of 204 papers identified, 18 were included. Significant variation in rates of SH was found. Limiting data to adolescent years (15–18), best estimates for overall lifetime rates of SH ranged from 1.5% (when rates of SH were reported based on a two-stage study design), to 23% (where SH was limited to non-suicidal SH). SH was typically higher in females, impulsive in nature, and occurred in the home setting. Whilst almost half of youth sought help before (43.7%) or after (49.8%) the SH episode, this was most often to a friend or family member. Overall rates of professional help seeking were low.

Robust studies using clear definitions of terms, separately capturing SH with and without suicidal intent, and distinguishing SH in the context of a mental illness, are required to inform service developments. Given the frequent occurrence of SH among youth accompanied by predominance of help seeking via friends and family, it is imperative that psychoeducation is delivered to families and peers. Out of hours community and specialist mental health services are essential to address this important issue.

The impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection on the risk of self-harming behaviours warrants further investigation. Here, we hypothesized that people with a history of hospitalization for self-harm may be particularly at risk of readmission in case of SARS-CoV-2 hospitalization.

We conducted a retrospective analysis based on the French national hospitalization database. We identified all patients hospitalized for deliberate self-harm (10th edition of the International Classification of Diseases codes X60–X84) between March 2020 and March 2021. To study the effect of SARS-CoV-2 hospitalization on the risk of readmission for self-harm at 1-year of the inclusion, we performed a multivariable Fine and Gray model considering hospital death as a competing event.

A total of 61,782 individuals were hospitalized for self-harm. During the 1-year follow-up, 9,403 (15.22%) were readmitted for self-harm. Between inclusion and self-harm readmission or the end of follow-up, 1,214 (1.96% of the study cohort) were hospitalized with SARS-CoV-2 (mean age 60 years, 52.9% women) while 60,568 were not (mean age 45 years, 57% women). Multivariate models revealed that the factors independently associated with self-harm readmission were: hospitalization with SARS-CoV-2 (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) = 3.04 [2.73–3.37]), psychiatric disorders (aHR = 1.61 [1.53–1.69]), self-harm history (aHR = 2.00 [1.88–2.04]), intensive care and age above 80.

In hospitalized people with a personal history of self-harm, infection with SARS-CoV-2 increased the risk of readmission of self-harm, with an effect that seemed to add to the effect of a history of mental disorders, with an equally significant magnitude. Infection may be a significantly stressful condition that precipitates self-harming acts in vulnerable individuals. Clinicians should pay particular attention to the emergence of suicidal ideation in these patients in the aftermath of SARS-CoV-2 infection.