Understanding the correlation between genes and diet holds significance in formulating tailored nutritional guidance and enhancing public health initiatives. Consequently, a thorough examination is undertaken to clarify the interplay between varying nutrient intake, Glutathione S-transferases Mu1 and Theta 1 (GSTM1 & T1) gene variants, and susceptibility to cancer development. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive search on MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases up to April 30, 2023. The review included observational studies that explored the relationship between dietary consumption of acrylamide, fruits, vegetables, plant-based foods, total meat, red meat, coffee, and green tea, as well as the presence of GSTM1 and T1 gene polymorphisms, and the risk of cancer in adult populations. The review findings indicated that high levels of risk factors, particularly red meat, have been linked to a higher chance of developing colorectal cancer risk among individuals with the GSTM1 null genotype. In contrast, heightened levels of protective factors, such as cruciferous vegetables, green tea, coffee, and fruit, have been associated with a decreased risk of lung cancer, adult leukemia, cutaneous melanoma, and lung cancer in individuals exhibiting GST polymorphisms. There is a scarcity of comprehensive studies examining different types of cancer due to various dietary patterns and genetic variations. Research has illuminated the complex interplay among dietary factors, gene polymorphisms, and cancer risk, further comprehensive studies are needed to understand and validate these findings fully. More robust investigations across diverse populations are crucial to developing personalized nutritional interventions and strengthening public health strategies.

Our field has reached a critical juncture. Authentic leadership, which once promised to illuminate how leaders inspire and influence through genuine actions, has become mired in conceptual ambiguity and ideological bias. Much of the research is based on evaluations of behaviour conflated with antecedents and outcomes, presuming an oversimplified, positive view of authenticity. To advance, we must refocus on what authentic leaders actually do – their discrete behaviours – as signals of leadership. In this editorial, we redefine authentic leadership through signalling theory to address unresolved critiques and provide a platform for meaningful progress. We then summarise and synthesise the articles in this special issue, which systematically review the literature, present dynamic models of authenticity, introduce ‘bounded authenticity’ in leadership roles, advocate for rigorous experimental methods, and offer empirical support. Collectively, these papers advance authentic leadership theory with greater theoretical precision and a conceptual nuance that reflects the modern organisational leadership landscape.

Growing evidence highlights the critical role of patient choice of treatment, with significant benefits for outcomes found in some studies. While four meta-analyses have previously examined the association between treatment choice and outcomes in mental health, robust conclusions have been limited by the inclusion of studies with biased preference trial designs. The current systematic review included 30 studies across three common and frequently comorbid mental health disorders (depression N = 23; anxiety, N = 5; eating disorders, N = 2) including 7055 participants (Mage 42.5 years, SD 11.7; 69.5% female). Treatment choice most often occurred between psychotherapy and antidepressant medication (43.3%), followed by choice between two different forms of psychotherapy, or elements within psychotherapy (36.7%). There were insufficient studies with stringent designs to conduct meta-analyses for anxiety or eating disorders as outcomes, or for treatment uptake. Treatment choice significantly improved outcomes for depression (d = 0.17, n = 18) and decreased therapy dropout, both in a combined sample targeting depression (n = 12), anxiety (n = 4) and eating disorders (n = 1; OR = 1.46, 95% CI: 1.17, 1.83), and in a smaller sample of the depression studies alone (OR = 1.65, 95% CI: 1.05, 2.59). All studies evaluated the impact of adults making treatment choices with none examining the effect of choice in adolescents. Clear directions in future research are indicated, in terms of designing studies that can adequately test the treatment choice and outcome association in anxiety and eating disorder treatment, and in youth.

Multiple reviews have examined the impact of nutritional interventions in patients with burn injuries; however, discrepancies among results cast doubt about their validity. We implemented this review to assess the impact of various nutritional interventions in adult patients with burn injuries. We conducted a thorough search of PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science databases until 1 August 2024, to identify relevant meta-analyses of intervention trials, examining the impact of nutritional interventions on burn patients. We adopted the random-effect models to determine the pooled effect sizes while employing the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) to examine evidence certainty. Thirty-three original intervention trials from eleven meta-analyses were entered in our review. Early enteral nutrition could substantially reduce overall mortality (relative risk (RR): 0·36, 95 % CI: 0·19, 0·68, GRADE = moderate certainty), hospital stay (mean difference (MD): −15·3, 95 % CI: −20·4, −10·2, GRADE = moderate certainty) and sepsis risk (RR: 0·23, 95 % CI: 0·11, 0·45, GRADE = moderate certainty). Glutamine showed a notable decrease in the length of hospital stay (MD: −6·23, 95 % CI: −9·53, −2·94, GRADE = low certainty). However, other nutritional interventions, including combined immunonutrition, branched-chain amino acids, fish oil, ornithine α-ketoglutarate and trace elements, did not significantly affect the assessed clinical outcomes. Early enteral nutrition might impose a beneficial effect on mortality, hospital stay length and incidence of sepsis with moderate evidence. Lower length of hospital stay was also seen in burn patients supplemented with glutamine, although the evidence was weak.

Difficulty falling asleep and/or maintaining sleep are common complaints in patients visiting medical clinics. Insomnia can occur alone or in combination with other medical or psychiatric disorders. Diagnosis and management of insomnia at times are perplexing. This updated study review aimed at a clinical algorithm for diagnosis and treatment of insomnia in adults. We developed an easy-to-apply algorithm to diagnose and manage insomnia that can be used by general practitioners and non-sleep specialists. To this end, our team reviewed the previous studies to determine the prevalence, evaluation, and treatment of insomnia. We used the results to develop a clinical algorithm for diagnosing and managing insomnia.

Insomnia occurs in a short (less than 3 months duration) or chronic form (≥3 months duration). Insomnia management includes both pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions. There is ample research evidence for the impact of a variety of non-pharmacological treatments, but both types of treatments can be used for each patient. If there are any contradictions in the diagnosis process, therapists should use objective instruments, such as polysomnography, but they should not be in a hurry to use these instruments.

This scoping review addresses gaps in the existing literature on dietary guidelines for pregnant and lactating women globally. The study delves into adherence levels, identifies influencing factors and examines outcomes associated with these guidelines. Analysing food-based dietary guidelines (FBDG) from around the world, the review reveals that half of the countries lack FBDG, with only 15% providing tailored advice for pregnant and lactating women. Utilising data extracted from forty-seven articles across MEDLINE and EMBASE, the study highlights a scarcity of adherence studies, particularly in low- or middle-income countries (LMIC), and emphasises the lack of research during lactation. Overall adherence to dietary guidelines is low, with disparities in fruit, vegetable, whole grain and fish consumption. Positive correlations with adherence include age, education, employment, social class and certain medical histories, while negative correlations involve smoking, alcohol consumption, metropolitan residence and elevated BMI. The study documented significant associations between adherence and reduced risks of gestational complications but calls for further exploration of intermediate nutritional outcomes such as micronutrient deficiencies and child growth. Emphasising the urgency for globally standardised guidelines, especially in LMIC, this review provides a foundational call for prioritised studies and strategies to enhance dietary practices for pregnant and lactating women worldwide.

The role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in design is clearly growing. One of the tenets of the paper is that stimulation could be among the design processes mostly benefitting from the introduction of AI. Available contributions have been reviewed to understand the current support AI can give in design inspiration and ideation. We also reflected on what AI should and ahould not do in the future: a framework is proposed. Based on the reviewed contributions, in no case, AI is seen as a substitute of designers. Most contributions originate from the IT domain and have a demonstrative purpose.

While farming practices such as intercropping, cover cropping, and green manuring are promoted as contributors to environment-friendly agriculture by balancing agricultural production with environmental sustainability, their uptake by farmers has still been limited. This paper provides a holistic global view of the adoption factors of such agri-environmental cropping practices based on a systematic literature review of 53 international peer-reviewed articles. Qualitative analysis of the reviewed studies shows that adoption factors explored by researchers can be categorized along nine thematic groups (sociodemographic characteristics, socioeconomic/financial conditions, environmental conditions, tangible assets and inventory, pre-existing farm practices, agrotechnical aspects of the practice, public support instruments, information and knowledge resources, community dynamics) and two transversal dimensions (generic and practice-specific attitudes), with an additional differentiation of micro- and macro-levels within the former. While many individual factors across the various groups and dimensions are highly context sensitive in terms of their impact on practice adoption, the analysis also identifies a set of factors that demonstrate common trends across the studies. The offered holistic conceptualization and analysis of the adoption factors of the reviewed set of practices contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the broader potential impact pathways in the farmer reorientation toward sustainable crop production.

Chlorite minerals, found in a great variety of rocks and geological environments, display a wide range of chemical compositions and a variety of polytypes, which reflect the physicochemical conditions under which they formed. Of particular importance for studies dealing with ore deposit genesis, metamorphism, hydrothermal alteration or diagenesis is the paleotemperature of chlorite crystallization. However, in order to understand the relationship between chlorite composition and formation temperature and hence use chlorite as a geothermometer, one must determine how other parameters influence chlorite composition. These parameters may include fO2 and pH of the solution and Fe/(Fe + Mg) and bulk mineral composition of the host rock.

Four approaches to chlorite geothermometry, one structural and three compositional, have been proposed in the past: 1) a polytype method based on the (largely qualitative) observation that structural changes in chlorite may be partly temperature-dependent (Hayes, 1970); 2) an empirical calibration between the tetrahedral aluminum occupancy in chlorites and measured temperature in geothermal systems (Cathelineau, 1988), which has subsequently been modified by several workers; 3) a six-component chlorite solid solution model based upon equilibrium between chlorite and an aqueous solution, which uses thermodynamic properties calibrated with data from geothermal and hydrothermal systems (Walshe, 1986); and 4) a theoretical method based on the intersection of chlorite-carbonate reactions and the CO2-H2O miscibility surface in temperature-XCO2 space, which requires that the composition of a coexisting carbonate phase (dolomite, ankerite, Fe-calcite or siderite) be known or estimated (Hutcheon, 1990). These four approaches are reviewed and the different calculation methods for the compositional geothermometers are applied to a selection of chlorite analyses from the literature. Results of this comparative exercise indicate that no single chlorite geothermometer performs satisfactorily over the whole range of natural conditions (different temperatures, coexisting assemblages, Fe/(Fe + Mg), fO2, etc.). Therefore, chlorite geothermometry should be used with caution and only in combination with alternative methods of estimating paleotemperatures.