There is a growing focus on understanding the complexity of dietary patterns and how they relate to health and other factors. Approaches that have not traditionally been applied to characterize dietary patterns, such as latent class analysis and machine learning algorithms, may offer opportunities to characterize dietary patterns in greater depth than previously considered. However, there has not been a formal examination of how this wide range of approaches has been applied to characterize dietary patterns. This scoping review synthesized literature from 2005-2022 applying methods not traditionally used to characterize dietary patterns, referred to as novel methods. MEDLINE, CINAHL, and Scopus were searched using keywords including latent class analysis, machine learning, and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator. Of 5274 records identified, 24 met the inclusion criteria. Twelve of 24 articles were published since 2020. Studies were conducted across 17 countries. Nine studies used approaches with applications in machine learning, such as classification models, neural networks, and probabilistic graphical models, to identify dietary patterns. The remaining studies applied methods such as latent class analysis, mutual information, and treelet transform. Fourteen studies assessed associations between dietary patterns characterized using novel methods and health outcomes, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and asthma. There was wide variation in the methods applied to characterize dietary patterns and in how these methods were described. The extension of reporting guidelines and quality appraisal tools relevant to nutrition research to consider specific features of novel methods may facilitate consistent reporting and enable synthesis to inform policies and programs.

This study aimed to assess the concordance between different anthropometric indexes in the Global Leaders Initiated Malnutrition Standards (GLIM) and the Geriatric Risk Index (GNRI) for evaluating muscle mass, while also exploring performance-based criteria for GLIM muscle content suitable for elderly patients with intermediate and advanced tumors. A total of 312 patients admitted to Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital between September 2022 and June 2023 were retrospectively included. Nutritional assessments were conducted using the GLIM framework, employing grip strength, upper arm circumference, and calf circumference as criteria for muscle content evaluation. The diagnostic value of these tools was compared against the GNRI as a reference standard. Among the participants, 127 (40.71%) were diagnosed as malnourished by GNRI, while the GLIM assessments yielded 138 (44.23%), 128 (41.03%), and 162 (51.92%) malnutrition diagnoses based on grip strength, calf circumference, and upper arm circumference, respectively. Both GNRI and GLIM-grip strength were significantly associated with complications and length of hospital stays. Notably, using GNRI as a reference, GLIM-grip strength demonstrated good consistency in diagnosing malnutrition (K value = 0.692, P < 0.001), with calf circumference having the highest diagnostic value. In conclusion, grip strength is a practical and effective performance-based criterion within the GLIM standards and has the potential to enhance malnutrition diagnosis in elderly patients with advanced malignancies, highlighting its relevance in nutritional science.

The therapeutic effects of soy consumption on adipokine concentrations have yielded inconsistent results in previous meta-analyses. This umbrella meta-analysis aims to investigate the impact of soy and its isoflavones on serum adiponectin and leptin levels in adults. We searched the Cochrane Central, Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus databases until October 10, 2024. The articles were restricted to those written in English. We included meta-analysis studies that evaluated the effects of soy and its isoflavones on levels of adiponectin and leptin and reported effect sizes (ES) and corresponding confidence intervals (CI). Two independent reviewers screened all articles based on eligibility criteria and extracted the required data from the included meta-analyses. The meta-analysis was performed using a random-effects model in STATA software. Six meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials meeting the inclusion criteria were included in the current umbrella meta-analysis. The findings indicated that soy and its isoflavones did not have a significant effect on adiponectin (ES= 0.10; 95% CI: -0.22, 0.41; P=0.55; I2= 51.8%) and leptin (ES= -0.37; 95% CI: -1.35, 0.61; P=0.46; I2= 71.2%) concentrations. Subgroup analysis based on participants’ mean age, total sample size, and duration was conducted. Results showed that the effect is not statistically significant in any of the subgroups. In conclusion, soy and its isoflavones could not improve the adipokines mentioned above. However, further high-quality research in different countries is required to substantiate these findings.

The primary causes of female mortality often involve diseases related to oxidative stress. Dietary total antioxidant capacity (TAC) evaluates its antioxidant content and potential health effects. This study, registered with PROSPERO (ID: CRD42024427784), explores the association between dietary TAC and women’s health outcomes, including endocrine conditions with gynecological implications, obstetric outcomes, gynecological conditions, and oncological diseases related to the female reproductive system. We conducted a systematic search in MEDLINE (via PubMed), EMBASE, LILACS, and CINAHL for observational studies published up to February 2024 that explored the relationship between dietary TAC and these health conditions. Data were analyzed using RevMan 5.4 software. Nineteen studies met the eligibility criteria (sample sizes: 64 to 3,209 women) and examined various conditions, including neoplasms (breast, endometrial, and ovarian), bacterial vaginosis, menopause, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), pre-eclampsia (PE), gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), miscarriage, infertility, and inflammation and oxidative stress markers. The meta-analysis identified a significant association between dietary total antioxidant capacity (TAC), measured in vitamin C equivalents, and breast cancer, revealing that women with the disease had a lower dietary TAC due to reduced antioxidant intake. Mixed results were found for endometrial cancer, while higher TAC levels were associated with a lower risk of PCOS and infertility. Among postmenopausal women, higher TAC correlated with fewer symptoms such as sleep issues and anxiety. In gestational conditions, higher dietary TAC was linked to a lower risk of miscarriage, GDM, and PE. Twelve of the nineteen studies demonstrated significant associations between dietary TAC and the outcomes of interest.

Measurement error undermines the accuracy of dietary intake data. The 24-hour dietary recall (24HR) is the standard data collection method in nutrition surveillance. Several neurocognitive processes underpin the act of recall, and individuals differ in their performance of these processes. This study aimed to investigate whether variation in neurocognitive processes, measured using four cognitive tasks, was associated with variation in measurement error of 24HRs. Participants (n 139) completed the Trail Making Test, the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, the Visual Digit Span, and the Vividness of Visual Imagery questionnaire. During a controlled feeding study, participants completed three technology-assisted 24HR; the Automated Self-Administered Dietary Assessment Tool (ASA24), Intake24, and an Interviewer-Administered Image-Assisted 24HR (IA-24HR) one week apart. Percentage error between reported and true energy intakes was calculated. Using linear regression, the association between cognitive task scores and absolute percentage error in estimated energy intake was assessed. Longer time spent completing the Trail Making Test, an indicator of visual attention and executive functioning, was associated with greater error in energy intake estimation using ASA24 (B 0.13, 95% CI 0.04, 0.21) and Intake24 (B 0.10, 95% CI 0.02, 0.19). Regression models explained 13.6% (ASA24) and 15.8% (Intake24) of the variance in energy estimation error. No cognitive task scores were associated with error using IA-24HR. This study demonstrates that variation between individuals in neurocognitive processes explains some of the variation in 24HR error. Further investigation into the role of neurocognitive processes in 24HR and their role in the reliability of dietary intake data is warranted.

High intake of dietary advanced glycation end products (AGEs), could induce oxidative stress, inflammation, and the gut microbiota dysbiosis, processes that play a major role in the development of functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs). There is limited data on the association between AGEs intake and FGIDs. Therefore, the current study aimed to examine the association of AGEs with FGIDs in Iranian adults. In a cross-sectional analysis under the framework of the Isfahan functional disorders (ISFUN) study, data on 1892 Iranian apparently healthy adults, aged 18 to 65 years were examined. Participants’ dietary intakes were collected using a validated dish-based, 106- item food frequency questionnaire. Dietary AGEs content of 72 food items were measured for all participants. FGIDs was assessed using ROME IV criteria. In total, 38% of subjects had one of the most prevalent upper or lower FGIDs. The mean of AGEs intake was 14690.10±8797.25 (kU/gr). In the fully adjusted model, being in the highest versus lowest tertile of AGEs intake was associated with increased odds of FGIDs (OR= 1.78; 95% CI: 1.01, 3.36). In stratified analysis by sex, males in the highest tertile of AGEs intake showed higher odds of FGIDs than those in the lowest tertile (OR= 2.15; 95% CI: 1.04, 4.45). However, in females, the AGEs intake was not significantly associated with the risk of FGIDs in the fully adjusted model. Higher AGEs intake was significantly associated with increased risk of FGIDs, particularly in men. Further prospective studies are warranted to confirm these findings.

Prior studies have shown that plant-based diets are associated with lower cardiovascular risk. However, these diets encompass a large diversity of foods with contrasted nutritional quality that may differentially impact health. We aimed to investigate the pooled cross-sectional association between metabolic syndrome (MetS), its components, and healthy and unhealthy plant-based diet indices (hPDI and uPDI), using data from two French cohorts and one representative study from the French population. This study included 16,358 participants from the NutriNet-Santé study, 1,769 participants from the Esteban study and 1,565 participants from the STANISLAS study who underwent a clinical visit. The MetS was defined according to the International Diabetes Federation definition. The associations between these plant-based diet indices and MetS were estimated by multivariable Poisson and logistic regression models, stratified by gender. Meta-analysis enabled the computation of a pooled Prevalence Ratio. A higher contribution of healthy plant foods (higher hPDI) was associated with a lower probability of having MetS (PRmen: 0.85; 95% CI: 0.75–0.94, PRwomen: 0.72; 95% CI: 0.67–0.77), elevated waist circumferences and elevated blood pressure. In women, a higher hPDI was associated with a lower probability of having elevated triglycerides, low HDL-cholesterolemia and hyperglycemia; and a higher contribution of unhealthy plant foods was associated with a higher prevalence of MetS (PRwomen: 1.13; 95% CI: 1.01–1.26) and elevated triglycerides. A greater contribution of healthy plant floods was associated with protective effects on metabolic syndrome, especially in women. Gender differences should be further investigated in relation to the current sustainable nutrition transition.

The rising incidence of neurodegenerative diseases in an ageing global population has shifted research focus toward modifiable risk factors, such as diet. Despite potential links between dietary patterns and brain health, inconsistencies in neuroimaging outcomes underscore a gap in understanding how diet impacts brain ageing. This study explores the relationship between three dietary patterns—Mediterranean (MeDi), Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH), and Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND)—and cognitive outcomes as well as brain connectivity. The study aimed to assess the association of these diets with brain structure and cognitive function, involving a middle-aged healthy group and an older cohort with subjective cognitive decline (SCD). The study included cognitive assessments and diffusion-weighted MRI data to analyse white matter microstructural integrity. Participants comprised 55 older individuals with SCD (54.5% female, mean age = 64) and 52 healthy middle-aged individuals (48.1% female, mean age = 53). Age inversely correlated with certain cognitive functions and global brain metrics, across both cohorts. Adherence to the MeDi, DASH, and MIND diets showed no significant cognitive or global brain metric improvements after adjusting for covariates (age, education, BMI). Network-based statistics (NBS) analysis revealed differences in brain subnetworks based on DASH diet adherence levels in the SCD cohort. In the healthy cohort, lower white matter connectivity was associated with reduced adherence to MIND and DASH diets. Ultimately, the study found no strong evidence connecting dietary patterns to cognitive or brain connectivity outcomes. Future research should focus on longitudinal studies and refine dietary assessments.

Children and adolescents diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) present feeding problems that may influence food acceptance and refusal. However, data regarding dietary intake variability in this population are either not available in the literature or not well-known. This cross-sectional study aimed to identify the within-person and between-person variability, and the number of days needed for a 24-hour recall (24HR) to estimate the usual intake of children and adolescents with ASD. Data were collected from 284 patients assisted at a public neuropediatric health service in the city of Pelotas, Southern Brazil. Food consumption was assessed using three non-consecutive 24HR. Within-person (S2w) and between-person (S²b) variances, the variance ratio (VR), and the distribution of energy, macronutrients, and micronutrients were obtained using the Multiple Source Method® (version 1.0.1). The number of days of 24HR needed was calculated for correlation coefficients of 0.7, 0.8, and 0.9. For most nutrients, S²w was greater than S²b, resulting in RV>1, except for age-group analyses where children up to 5 years old showed VR<1. Two to three days of 24HR were estimated for most nutrients, considering a correlation coefficient of 0.8. Differences were observed according to sex and age group, with adolescents requiring more days of 24HR. These findings indicate the need to assess dietary variability among individuals with ASD according to the characteristics of this investigated population.

The diet proposed by the EAT-Lancet Commission has faced criticism concerning its affordability. This study aimed to investigate the cost associated with a greater alignment to the EAT-Lancet reference diet in the province of Québec, Canada. The dietary habits of 1147 French-speaking adults were assessed using repeated Wed-based 24-hour recall data collected between 2015 and 2017 in the cross-sectional PRÉDicteurs Individuels, Sociaux et Environnementaux (PREDISE) study. Diet costs were calculated using a Nielsen food price database. Usual dietary intakes and diet costs were estimated using the National Cancer Institute’s multivariate Markov Chain Monte Carlo method. Adherence to the EAT-Lancet diet was assessed using the EAT-Lancet dietary index (EAT-I). Associations between diet costs and EAT-I scores were evaluated using linear regression models with restricted cubic splines. After adjustment for energy intake, a higher EAT-I score (75th vs. 25th percentiles) was associated with a 1.0 $CAD increase in daily diet costs (95%CI, 0.7 to 1.3). This increase in diet costs was mostly driven by the following component scores of the EAT-I (75th vs. 25th percentiles, higher scores reflecting greater adherence): Vegetables (1.6$CAD/day, 95%CI: 1.2, 2.1), Free sugars (1.6$CAD/day, 95%CI: 1.3, 1.9), Fish and plant-based proteins (1.4$CAD/day, 95%CI: 1.0, 1.8), Fruits (0.9$CAD/day, 95%CI: 0.4, 1.3), and Whole-grains (0.4$CAD/day, 95%CI: 0.0, 0.8). Inversely, greater scores for the Poultry and eggs component were associated with reduced diet costs (-1.2$CAD/day, 95%CI: -1.7, -0.7). This study suggests that adhering to the EAT-Lancet diet may be associated with an increase in diet costs in the province of Québec.

This review aimed to assess the impact of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) consumption on cardiovascular disease risk factors. Relevant studies were identified through electronic searches of databases including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, CENTRAL, and EMBASE up to January 2025. Twelve trials involving 770 participants with interventions ranging from 2 to 12 weeks and doses varying from 125 to 40,000 mg/day, were included. Okra supplementation significantly reduced body mass index (BMI) (Standardized Mean Difference [SMD] = -0.70; 95% Confidence Interval [CI]: -1.23, -0.16; P = 0.011), fat mass (FM) (SMD = -0.74; 95% CI: -1.13, -0.36; P < 0.001), hip circumference (HC) (SMD = -0.85; 95% CI: -1.41, -0.28; P = 0.003), weight (SMD = -0.77; 95% CI: -1.42, -0.11; P = 0.022), fasting insulin (SMD = -0.35; 95% CI: -0.63, -0.07; P = 0.013), fasting plasma glucose (FPG) (SMD = -1.07; 95% CI: -1.75, -0.38; P = 0.002), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) (SMD = -0.38; 95% CI: -0.71, -0.05; P = 0.023), homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (SMD = -0.56; 95% CI: -0.84, -0.29; P < 0.001), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (SMD = -0.32; 95% CI: -0.52, -0.11; P = 0.003), total cholesterol (TC) (SMD = -0.45; 95% CI: -0.74, -0.16; P = 0.003), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (SMD = -0.45; 95% CI: -0.73, -0.17; P = 0.002). Okra supplementation demonstrated significant benefits in improving anthropometric measures, glycemic control, lipid profiles, and liver function tests, suggesting its potential as an adjunct therapy for improving cardiovascular disease risk factors.

Current literature has shown that poor sleep patterns and social jet lag (SJL) are associated with obesity and weight gain. However, this area remains underexplored in patients who have undergone bariatric surgery. We hypothesized that higher levels of SJL and poorer sleep patterns are associated with lower weight loss, greater caloric/nutrient intake, and poorer metabolic outcomes following surgery. This study aims to assess the associations of SJL and subjective sleep with anthropometric, metabolic, and dietary parameters during the first year following bariatric surgery. SJL, sleep quality, and daytime sleepiness were measured in 122 patients (77% women; median age 33.0 [28.0 – 41.7]). SJL was estimated by the absolute difference between the midpoint of sleep and wake times on weekdays and weekends. Daytime sleepiness and sleep quality were evaluated using the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (Epworth) and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), respectively. Multiple linear regressions were employed to evaluate the associations of SJL, sleep quality, and daytime sleepiness with weight loss, metabolic, and dietary outcomes. Independent variables were negatively associated with weight loss after surgery: SJL at 6 months and one year; sleep quality at all time points; and sleepiness after one year (p< 0.05). SJL was positively associated with calorie and protein intake after one-year post-surgery (p< 0.05). Our results show that higher SJL and poorer sleep patterns are associated with worse anthropometric, metabolic, and dietary outcomes after bariatric surgery. These findings reinforce the importance of addressing variables related to biological rhythms to optimize post-surgical outcomes in bariatric patients.

Understanding the correlation between genes and diet holds significance in formulating tailored nutritional guidance and enhancing public health initiatives. Consequently, a thorough examination is undertaken to clarify the interplay between varying nutrient intake, Glutathione S-transferases Mu1 and Theta 1 (GSTM1 & T1) gene variants, and susceptibility to cancer development. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive search on MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases up to April 30, 2023. The review included observational studies that explored the relationship between dietary consumption of acrylamide, fruits, vegetables, plant-based foods, total meat, red meat, coffee, and green tea, as well as the presence of GSTM1 and T1 gene polymorphisms, and the risk of cancer in adult populations. The review findings indicated that high levels of risk factors, particularly red meat, have been linked to a higher chance of developing colorectal cancer risk among individuals with the GSTM1 null genotype. In contrast, heightened levels of protective factors, such as cruciferous vegetables, green tea, coffee, and fruit, have been associated with a decreased risk of lung cancer, adult leukemia, cutaneous melanoma, and lung cancer in individuals exhibiting GST polymorphisms. There is a scarcity of comprehensive studies examining different types of cancer due to various dietary patterns and genetic variations. Research has illuminated the complex interplay among dietary factors, gene polymorphisms, and cancer risk, further comprehensive studies are needed to understand and validate these findings fully. More robust investigations across diverse populations are crucial to developing personalized nutritional interventions and strengthening public health strategies.

Psoriasis is a chronic immune-inflammatory skin disease. Cross-sectional research examining diet quality indices (DQIs) in psoriasis has focused on the Mediterranean diet and is confined to Mediterranean populations, thereby lacking generalisability to other populations. We explored associations between DQIs and the likelihood of reporting a higher psoriasis severity. This was an online cross-sectional study recruiting adult volunteers with psoriasis (n=257). A 147-item food frequency questionnaire evaluated adherence to the Mediterranean Diet Score (MDS), the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) score, and the Plant-based Diet Index (PDI); original (oPDI), healthy (hPDI), and unhealthy (uPDI) subtypes. Psoriasis severity was determined with the self-assessed Simplified Psoriasis Index. When adjusted for age, sex, smoking, alcohol over-consumption, energy intake, and psychological morbidity, multinomial logistic regression analyses revealed an increased likelihood of reporting a higher psoriasis severity in participants with a very low adherence to DASH OR = 3.75, 95% CI 1.313 – 10.700, P = 0.01), and hPDI (OR = 4.04, 95% CI 1.251 – 13.064, P = 0.02) patterns. A reduced likelihood of reporting a higher psoriasis severity was shown in participants with low adherence to the uPDI (OR = 0.25, 95% CI 0.085 – 0.716, P = 0.01). With further adjustment for body mass index (BMI), a very low adherence to the oPDI was significantly associated with an increased likelihood of reporting a higher psoriasis severity (OR = 3.46, 95% CI 1.029 – 11.656, P = 0.05). Dietary interventions and assessment should be introduced in the care-pathway for psoriasis management.

Free sugar intakes are currently higher than recommended for health, yet effective strategies for reducing consumption are yet to be elucidated. This work investigated the effects of different dietary recommendations for reducing free sugar intakes, on relevant outcomes, in UK adults consuming >5% total energy intake (TEI) from free sugars. Using a randomized controlled parallel-group design, 242 adults received nutrient-based (N=61), nutrient- and food-based (N=60), nutrient-, food- and food-substitution-based (N=63) or no (N=58) recommendations for reducing free sugars at a single timepoint, with effects assessed for the following 12 weeks. Primary outcomes were free sugar intakes as a percentage of TEI (%FS) and adherence to the recommendations at week 12. Secondary outcomes included TEI, diet composition, sugar-sweetened and low-calorie-sweetened food consumption and anthropometry. In Intention-to-Treat analyses adjusted for baseline measures, %FS reduced in intervention groups (%FSchange=-2.5 to -3.3%) compared to control (%FSchange=-1.2%) (smallest B=-0.573, p=0.03), with effects from week 1 until week 12, and no differences between interventions (largest B=0.352, p=0.42). No effects of intervention were found in dietary profiles, but change in %FS was associated with change in %TEI from non-sugar carbohydrate (B=0.141, p<0.01) and from protein (B=-0.171, p=0.02). Body weight was also lower at week 12 in intervention groups compared to control (B=-0.377, p<0.05), but associations with %FS were weak. Our findings demonstrate benefit from dietary recommendations for reducing free sugar intakes in UK adults. Limited advantages were found for the different dietary recommendations, but variety may offer individual choice.

Trial Registration: Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT04816955, registration date: 24.03.21.

This study aimed to investigate the intake of dairy products during pregnancy in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), and its impacts on neonatal birth weight and pregnancy outcomes. A total of 386 women with GDM during the second trimester pregnancy participated in this prospective cohort study. We evaluated dairy products intake through Food Frequency Questionnaire. Pregnancy outcomes were obtained from the delivery data. Participants were divided into insufficient and sufficient intake of milk and dairy products group (<300 g/day and ≥300 g/day, respectively). The average intake of dairy products during the second trimester pregnancy in women with GDM was 317.8±179.5 g/day, and the total energy intake was 1635.4±708.7 kcal/day. However, 76.68% of them did not meet the recommended total energy intake of women with GDM. After adjusting for confounding factors, women with GDM who consumed ≥300 g/day of dairy products had an average reduction in birth weight of 93.1 g compared to women who consumed <300 g/day of dairy products (95% CI: -171.343, -14.927). Women with GDM in sufficient intake group was also associated with lower risk of macrosomia (95% CI: 0.043, 0.695) and cesarean section (95% CI: 0.387, 0.933), and not related to low birth weight infant (95% CI: 0.617, 14.502) and preterm birth (95% CI: 0.186, 1.510) when compared with participants in insufficient intake group. Under the premise of insufficient total energy intake, the intake of dairy products during the second trimester pregnancy in women with GDM might be related to the decrease of neonatal birth weight.

Accumulation of exogenous fatty acids such as the long-chain n-11 MUFA cetoleic acid (CA, C22:1n-11) may induce functional changes, through direct effects or by affecting the amounts of other fatty acids through changes in catabolic and anabolic processes including desaturation of fatty acids or by other processes. The primary aim of the present study was to investigate if dietary CA was absorbed and accumulated in a TAG-rich tissue for storage (white adipose tissue), a stable phospholipid-rich tissue (brain), metabolically active tissues (liver and skeletal muscle), or circulating in the blood (blood cells) and metabolised. Secondary aims included to investigate any effects on the levels of EPA and DHA. Eighteen male Zucker Diabetic Sprague Dawley rats were fed diets with herring oil (HERO) containing 0.70 % CA or anchovy oil (ANCO) devoid of CA, or a control diet with soyabean oil for 5 weeks. The HERO and ANCO diets contained 0.35 and 0.37 wt% EPA+DHA, respectively. Data were analysed using one-way ANOVA. CA from dietary HERO was absorbed, and CA and its chain-shortened metabolites were found in blood cells, liver, white adipose tissue and (WAT) and muscle, but n-11 MUFAs were not found in the brain. The concentrations of EPA and DHA were similar in liver lipids (TAG, cholesteryl esters and NEFA) as well as in WAT, muscle and brain from rats fed the HERO or ANCO diets. To conclude, CA was taken up by tissues but did not affect levels of EPA and DHA in this diabetic rat model.

Adolescent girls often skip breakfast due to time constraints and reduced morning appetite. This study examined the acute impact of breakfast consumption timing versus breakfast omission (BO) on glycaemic and insulinaemic responses to lunch in infrequent breakfast-consuming girls. Fifteen girls (13.1±0.8 years) completed three conditions in a randomised crossover design: early-morning breakfast consumption (EM-BC; 8:30), mid-morning breakfast consumption (MM-BC; 10:30), and BO. A standardised lunch was provided at 12:30, followed by a 2-h post-lunch observation period. Blood and expired gas samples were collected periodically. Linear mixed models with Cohen’s d effect sizes compared outcomes between conditions. Pre-lunch glucose and insulin incremental area under the curve (iAUC) were higher in the breakfast conditions versus BO (P≤0.009), with no differences between breakfast conditions. MM-BC reduced post-lunch glucose iAUC by 36% and 25% compared with BO and EM-BC, respectively (P<0.001, d=0.92–1.44). A moderate, non-significant 15% reduction in post-lunch glucose iAUC was seen with EM-BC versus BO (P=0.077, d=0.52). These reductions occurred without changes in post-lunch insulinemia (P≥0.323) and were accompanied by increased post-lunch carbohydrate oxidation compared with BO (P≤0.018, d=0.58–0.75); with no differences between EM-BC and MM-BC. MM-BC lowered glycaemic response over the experimental period compared with BO (P=0.033, d=0.98) and EM-BC (P=0.123, d=0.93), with no difference between EM-BC and BO. Compared with BO, both breakfast conditions lowered post-lunch glycaemic responses with mid-morning breakfast eliciting a greater second-meal effect than early-morning breakfast. These findings indicate the breakfast-to-lunch meal interval may be a crucial factor affecting postprandial glycaemia in infrequent breakfast-consuming girls.

Postpartum maternal diet quality has been linked with optimal infant feeding practices. However, whether maternal diet quality during pregnancy influences infant feeding practices remains unclear. The present study explored the relationship between maternal diet quality in pregnancy and infant feeding practices in Australian women. A brief 15-item food frequency questionnaire was used to collect maternal dietary data (n = 469). Diet quality was calculated using a modified 2013 Dietary Guideline Index (DGI). Multivariable linear and logistic regressions with adjustment for covariates were used to examine associations between maternal diet quality in pregnancy and infant feeding practices: infant feeding mode, breastfeeding duration and timing of solids introduction. Higher DGI score during pregnancy was associated with higher odds of breastfeeding than formula/mixed feeding (adjusted OR 1.03, 95% CI 1.00, 1.07), longer breastfeeding duration (adjusted β 0.09, 95% CI 0.03, 0.15) and higher odds of breastfeeding for ≥6 months (AOR 1.04, 95% CI 1.02, 1.07) than for <6 months. Associations between maternal DGI score and breastfeeding variables were moderated by maternal country of birth, with significant associations observed in Australian-born mothers only. No association was found between maternal DGI score and timing of solids introduction. Higher maternal diet quality was associated with better infant feeding practices, and the association was moderated by country of birth. Our findings provide evidence to support the initiation of dietary interventions to promote diet quality during pregnancy, particularly among Australian-born women. Further research could explore underlying mechanisms linking maternal diet quality and infant feeding practices.

A randomized parallel intervention study was conducted with male patients diagnosed with coronary heart disease. Participants were assigned to three groups: Group A abstained from alcohol (n=20), Group B consumed red wine (n=21) and Group C (n=16) consumed an alcoholic beverage without wine micro-constituents. Biological samples were collected at baseline, 4 and 8 weeks. Enzyme activities of acetyl-CoA:lyso-PAF acetyltransferase (LysoPAF-AT), CDP-choline:1-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol cholinephosphotransferase (PAF-CPT), PAF-acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH) in leukocyte homogenates, serum lipoprotein associated phospholipase-A2 (LpPLA2) and plasma markers of thrombosis were measured. PAF-, adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-, and collagen- induced platelet aggregation was measured in human platelet rich plasma.

Red wine consumption led to 15.3% reduction in LysoPAF-AT activity at 4 weeks (p=0.008) compared to baseline and Group A (p=0.01). PAF-CPT activity was reduced by 11.1% at 8 weeks (p=0.04) compared to baseline, and by 24.9% compared to Group C (p=0.02). PAF-AH activity was reduced by 36.2% at 8 weeks compared to baseline (p=0.001) and compared to Group A (p<0.000) and Group C (p=0.009). Fibrinogen levels in Group B reduced by 6-9% at 4 (p=0.04) and 8 weeks (p=0.01) compared to baseline while d-dimer in Group C increased by 16.1% at 8 weeks (p=0.005) compared to baseline. Platelet aggregation against PAF and collagen was reduced in Group B (82.6% and 35.4%, respectively), and in Group C (158.4% and 37.1%, respectively) compared to baseline and Group A (p<0.05).

In conclusion, moderate wine consumption improved the activity of PAF-metabolism enzymes regardless of ethanol and reduced platelet aggregation probably through mechanisms different from those of ethanol.