This chapter examines two Ghanaian health programs which embodied many ideas and practices of social medicine. The first is a system of village clinic-dispensaries which was built by chiefs and the communities whom they represented, providing treatment and advice to thousands of outpatients. The second is the Medical Field Units (MFUs), which arose from 1945, serving extensive rural areas that lay beyond the reach of both the colonial and early post-independence states. Their successes were recognized by the first government of independent Ghana and after independence in 1957, the MFU program was expanded countrywide and became central to the continued provision of basic health services when other parts of the national health system collapsed. However, ideologies of reduced welfare and severe austerity during Adjustment caused the closing-down of the program in the early 1990s. The chapter relates the evolution of the MFU program to social histories of individual advocacy, healthcare reforms from colonialism to independence, and shifts in internationally circulating economic beliefs regarding the role of welfare and the state.