Using the ‘monotonicity trick’ introduced by Struwe, we derive a generic theorem. It says that for a wide class of functionals, having a mountain-pass (MP) geometry, almost every functional in this class has a bounded Palais-Smale sequence at the MP level. Then we show how the generic theorem can be used to obtain, for a given functional, a special Palais–Smale sequence possessing extra properties that help to ensure its convergence. Subsequently, these abstract results are applied to prove the existence of a positive solution for a problem of the form

We assume that the functional associated to (P) has an MP geometry. Our results cover the case where the nonlinearity f satisfies (i) f(x, s)s−1 → a ∈)0, ∞) as s →+∞; and (ii) f(x, s)s–1 is non decreasing as a function of s ≥ 0, a.e. x → ℝN.

In a series of papers W. F. Sheppard (1912, 1914) has considered the approximate representation of equidistant, equally weighted, and uncorrelated observations under the following assumptions:–

(i) The data being u1, u2, …, un, the representation is to be given by linear combinations

(ii) The linear combinations are to be such as would reproduce any set of values that were already values of a polynomial of degree not higher than the kth.

(iii) The sum of squared coefficients which measures the mean square error of yi, is to be a minimum for each value of i.

Let ƒ(x) be a given function of a variable x. We shall suppose that ƒ(x) is a one-valued analytic function, so that its Taylor's expansion in any part of the plane of the complex variable x can be derived from its Taylor's expansion in any other part of the plane by the process of analytic continuation.

We study the existence of positive solutions for the nonlinear Schrödinger equation with the fractional Laplacian

Furthermore, we analyse the regularity, decay and symmetry properties of these solutions.

The frequency ratio of the allelomorphs of a Mendelian factor is only stable if selection favours the heterozygote: such factors, though occurring rarely, will accumulate in the stock, while those of opposite tendency will be eliminated.

The survival of a mutant gene although established in a mature and potent individual is to a very large extent a matter of chance ; only when a large number of individuals have become affected does selection, dependent on its contribution to the fitness of the organism, become of importance. This is so even for dominant mutants; for recessive mutants selection remains very small so long as the mutant form is an inconsiderable fraction of the interbreeding group.

The distribution of the frequency ratio for different factors may be calculated from the condition that this distribution is stable, as is that of velocities in the Theory of Gases : in the absence of selection the distribution of log is given in fig. 1. Fig. 2 represents the case of steady decay in variance by the action of random survival (the Hagedoorn effect).

Fig. 3 shows the distribution in the somewhat artificial case of uniform genetic selection : this would be the distribution to be expected in the absence of dominance. Fig. 4 shows the asymmetrical distribution due to uniform genotypic selection with or without homogamy.

Under genotypic selection the dominance ratio for complete dominance comes to be exactly ⅓, in close agreement with the value obtained from human measurements.

The rate of mutation necessary to maintain the variance of the species may be calculated from these distributions. Very infrequent mutation will serve to counterbalance the effect of random survival; for equilibrium with selective action a much higher level is needed, though still mutation may be individually rare, especially in large populations.

It would seem that the supposition of genotypic selection balanced by occasional mutations fitted the facts deduced from the correlations of relatives in mankind.

1. Integrals of the form where ψ(x) is a function with a limited number of turning-points in the range of integration and k is a constant which may take up large values, frequently occur in investigations in mathematical physics, and their computation by quadratures is often desirable.

In this paper we study the existence of radially symmetric solitary waves for nonlinear Klein–Gordon equations and nonlinear Schrödinger equations coupled with Maxwell equations. The method relies on a variational approach and the solutions are obtained as mountain-pass critical points for the associated energy functional.

The aim of the present paper is to extend Daniel Bernoulli's method of approximating to the numerically greatest root of an algebraic equation. On the basis of the extension here given it now becomes possible to make Bernoulli's method a means of evaluating not merely the greatest root, but all the roots of an equation, whether real, complex, or repeated, by an arithmetical process well adapted to mechanical computation, and without any preliminary determination of the nature or position of the roots. In particular, the evaluation of complex roots is extremely simple, whatever the number of pairs of such roots. There is also a way of deriving from a sequence of approximations to a root successive sequences of ever-increasing rapidity of convergence.

We study a nonlinear elliptic problem defined in a bounded domain involving fractional powers of the Laplacian operator together with a concave—convex term. We completely characterize the range of parameters for which solutions of the problem exist and prove a multiplicity result. We also prove an associated trace inequality and some Liouville-type results.

In this paper it is shown that the analysis of Titchmarsh's book [32] for regular Sturm-Liouville problems on a finite closed interval carries over readily to regular problems involving the eigenvalue parameter in the boundary condition at one end-point. The manner in which this type of problem is associated with a self-adjoint operator in Hilbert space has recently been pointed out by Walter in [36], and his operator-theoretic formulation is adopted here. The use of the eigenfunction expansion is illustrated by applying it to solve a heat-conduction problem for a solid in contact with a fluid.

New mathematical objects, called H-measures, are introduced for studying oscillations and concentration effects in partial differential equations. Applications to transport properties and to homogenisation are given as an example of the new results which can be obtained by this approach.

A System of intrusions of the type now known as cone-sheets was first definitely recognized and mapped by Harker in the Cuillin district of Skye, and was described by him in the Geological Survey memoir issued in 1904. The members of the complex were simply designated “inclined sheets,” but they incline inwards towards a common centre from north, west, south, and south-east. When the Scottish Survey undertook the mapping of Mull, in the years preceding the war, two further series of centrally inclined intrusions were soon recognized. Owing to the number of these sheets, and consequent liability to confusion, individual members can seldom be traced very far, or shown to have arcuate curvature. But the systems as a whole sweep round centres in continuous curves. In one case the curve was originally closed, though it has been somewhat interrupted by later intrusions. In the other case the main body of sheets only forms a horse-shoe. Nevertheless the term cone-sheets, which was here applied to these intrusions by Professor Bailey, is extremely appropriate.

The generalisation to the stationary case of the solution given by Weyl (1918) of Einstein's gravitational equations in a statical axially symmetric universe, has been attempted by various writers. It has not, however, so far been possible to reduce the equations to linear form and thus to find the most general solution. A set of special solutions has been obtained by Lewis (1932), valid in a region free of matter, which contain Weyl's solution as a particular case. They depend upon an arbitrary solution of the equation

1. When a battery of intelligence tests is administered to a set of persons it is a common practice among psychologists to “explain” the scores obtained in terms of a number of “factors.” Thus if we suppose that there are altogether t tests and that xi, denotes the score of any one person in the ith test, then it is assumed that

where f, g, …, h represent the person's measures in one or more general or group factors, and Si, is the person's specific ability in the ith test. It is further assumed that for a given and supposed infinite population of persons all the factors, specific and otherwise, are distributed normally and independently and that they are standardised, i.e. that their standard deviations are unity.

This article is concerned with the study of approximate controllability for the semilinear heat equation in a bounded domain Ω when the control acts on any open and nonempty subset of Ω or on a part of the boundary. In the case of both an internal and a boundary control, the approximate controllability in LP(Ω) for 1 ≦ p < + ∞ is proved when the nonlinearity is globally Lipschitz with a control in L∞. In the case of the interior control, we also prove approximate controllability in C0(Ω). The proof combines a variational approach to the controllability problem for linear equations and a fixed point method. We also prove that the control can be taken to be of “quasi bang-bang” form.

Using the fibrering method, we prove the existence of multiple positive solutions of quasilinear problems of second order. The main part of our differential operator is p-Laplacian and we consider solutions both in the bounded domain Ω⊂ℝN and in the whole of ℝN. We also prove nonexistence results.

Consider the second order Hamiltonian system:

where q ∊ ℝn and V ∊ C1 (ℝ ×ℝn ℝ) is T periodic in t. Suppose Vq (t, 0) = 0, 0 is a local maximum for V(t,.) and V(t, x) | x| → ∞ Under these and some additional technical assumptions we prove that (HS) has a homoclinic orbit q emanating from 0. The orbit q is obtained as the limit as k → ∞ of 2kT periodic solutions (i.e. subharmonics) qk of (HS). The subharmonics qk are obtained in turn via the Mountain Pass Theorem.

We construct local minimisers to certain variational problems. The method is quite general and relies on the theory of Γ-convergence. The approach is demonstrated through the model problem

It is shown that in certain nonconvex domains Ω ⊂ ℝn and for ε small, there exist nonconstant local minimisers uε satisfying uε ≈ ± 1 except in a thin transition layer. The location of the layer is determined through the requirement that in the limit uε →u0, the hypersurface separating the states u0 = 1 and u0 = −1 locally minimises surface area. Generalisations are discussed with, for example, vector-valued u and “anisotropic” perturbations replacing |∇u|2.

In a closed vessel containing only a liquid and its vapour, all at one temperature, the liquid rests, with its free surface raised or depressed in capillary tubes and in the neighbourhood of the solid boundary, in permanent equilibrium according to the same law of relation between curvature and pressure as in vessels open to the air. The permanence of this equilibrium implies physical equilibrium between the liquid and the vapour in contact with it at all parts of its surface. But the pressure of the vapour at different levels differs according to hydrostatic law. Hence the pressure of saturated vapour in contact with a liquid differs according to the curvature of the bounding surface, being less when the liquid is concave, and greater when it is convex.

A global inverse function theorem is established for mappings u: Ω → ℝn, Ω ⊂ ℝn bounded and open, belonging to the Sobolev space W1.p(Ω), p > n. The theorem is applied to the pure displacement boundary value problem of nonlinear elastostatics, the conclusion being that there is no interpenetration of matter for the energy-minimizing displacement field.