Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-669899f699-tpknm Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-05-05T19:42:56.334Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

11 - Immaturity in spider monkeys: a risky business

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 May 2010

By
Laura Greer Vick
Edited by
Christina J. Campbell
Laura Greer Vick
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, Peace College, Raleigh, NC 27604, USA
Christina J. Campbell
Affiliation:
California State University, Northridge
Get access

Summary

Introduction

Socialization is an important and complicated process in primates, involving morphological, ecological and social factors, which together serve to channel individuals into age- and gender-specific roles that help determine the population biology of each species. Despite its extreme importance, however, the socialization process has received little attention relative to primatological studies of adult nonhuman primates. Most studies have focused chiefly on social structure, as mediated by adults through dominance or affiliative interactions; mating strategies and their function in mediating the reproductive success of the mature individuals utilizing them; and socioecology, again primarily examining male and female adults' differential need for and utilization of resources and the resultant impact on social structure. This chapter investigates immature spider monkeys, that is, individuals from birth until emigration or attainment of social adulthood. The chapter focuses mainly on the Yucatecan spider monkey, Ateles geoffroyi, a relatively monomorphic and large-brained cebid with a complex social organization and social roles clearly differentiated by gender. Socialization and the immature phase in these spider monkeys will be considered in the broader context of the adult roles they will eventually exhibit and with regard to what is known about immaturity in primates in general.

Background

Much of the data available on immatures is based on infancy and parent–offspring relationships (usually mother–infant) (Gubernick and Klopfer, 1981; Taub, 1984), starting with and building on Harlow's pioneering work (Harlow, 1959; Harlow and Zimmermann, 1959; Harlow, 1971) on attachment and the role of maternal attributes in infant development.

Type
Chapter
Information
Spider Monkeys
The Biology, Behavior and Ecology of the Genus Ateles
 , pp. 288 - 328
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2008

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Book purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Ahumada, J. A. (1992). Grooming behavior of spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi) on Barro Colorado Island, Panama.Int. J. Primatol., 13, 39–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alexander, R. D. (1974). The evolution of social behavior.Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 5, 325–383.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allman, J., McLaughlin, T. and Hakeem, A. (1993). Brain weight and life-span in primates.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 90, 118–122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Altmann, J. (1974). Observational study of behavior: sampling methods.Behaviour, 49, 227–267.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Armstrong, E. (1983). Relative brain size and metabolism in mammals.Science, 220, 1302–1304.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Balau, J. and Redmond, D. E. Jr. (1978). Some sampling considerations in the quantification of monkey behavior under field and captive conditions.Primates, 19, 391–400.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baldwin, J. D. and Baldwin, J. I. (1974). Exploration and social play in squirrel monkeys (Saimiri).Am. Zool., 14, 303–315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boinski, S. (1988). Sex differences in the foraging behavior of squirrel monkeys in a seasonal habital.Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol., 23, 177–186.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, C. J. (2000). The reproductive biology of black-handed spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi): integrating behavior and endocrinology. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of California, Berkeley.
Campbell, C. J. (2003). Female directed aggression in free-ranging Ateles geoffroyi.Int. J. Primatol., 24, 223–238.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, C. J. (2006a). Copulation in free-ranging black-handed spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi).Am. J. Primatol., 68, 507–511.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, C. J. (2006b). Lethal intragroup aggression by adult male spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi).Am. J. Primatol., 68, 1197–1201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, C. J., Aureli, F., Chapman, C. A.et al. (2005). Terrestrial behavior of Ateles spp. Int. J. Primatol., 26, 1039–1051.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cant, J. (1978). Population survey of the spider monkey Ateles geoffroyi at Tikal, Guatemala.Primates, 19, 525–535.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carpenter, C. R. (1935). Behavior of red spider monkeys in Panama.J. Mammal., 16, 171–180.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chapman, C. A. (1990). Association patterns of spider monkeys: the influence of ecology and sex on social organization.Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol., 26, 409–414.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chapman, C. A. and Chapman, L. J. (1987 ). Social responses to the traumatic injury of a juvenile spider monkey (Ateles geoffroyi).Primates, 28, 271–275.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chapman, C. A. and Chapman, L. J. (1990). Reproductive biology of captive and free-ranging spider monkeys.Zoo Biology, 9, 1–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chapman, C. A., Fedigan, L. M., Fedigan, L. and Chapman, L. J. (1989). Post-weaning resource competition and sex ratios in spider monkeys.Oikos, 54, 315–319.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chapman, C. A., Wrangham, R. W. and Chapman, L. J. (1995). Ecological constraints on group size: an analysis of spider monkey and chimpanzee subgroups.Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol., 36, 59–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Charnov, E. and Berrigan, D. (1993). Why do female primates have such long life spans and so few babies? Or life in the slow lane.Evol. Anthropol., 2, 191–194.Google Scholar
Cheney, D. (1977). The acquisition of rank and the development of reciprocal alliances among free-ranging immature baboons.Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol., 2, 303–318.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cheney, D. (1978a). Interactions of immature male and female baboons with adult females.Anim. Behav., 26, 389–408.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cheney, D. L. (1978b). The play partners of immature baboons.Anim. Behav., 26, 1038–1050.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, A. B. (1978 ). Sex ratio and local resource competition in a prosimian primate.Science, 201, 163–165.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, C. B. (1977). A preliminary report on weaning among chimpanzees of the Gombe National Park, Tanzania. In Primate Biosocial Development, ed. Chevalier-Skolnikoff, S. and Poirier, F. E., New York: Garland, pp. 235–260.Google Scholar
Clutton-Brock, T. H. and Harvey, P. H. (1977). Primate ecology and social organization.J. Zool, 183, 1–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coehlo, A. M. Jr., Bramblett, C. A., Quick, L. B. and Bramblett, S. S. (1976). Resource availablity and population density in primates: a sociobioenergetic analysis of the energy budgets of Guatemalan howler and spider monkeys.Primates, 17, 63–80.Google Scholar
Crockett, C. M. and Janson, C. H. (2000). Infanticide in red howlers: female group size, male membership, and a possible link to folivory. In Infanticide by Males and its Implications, ed. Schaik, C. P. and Janson, C. H., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 75–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crook, J. H. (1972). Sexual selection, dimorphism, and social organization in the primates. In Sexual Selection and the Descent of Man, 1871–1971, ed. Campbell, B. G., Chicago: Aldine, pp. 231–281.Google Scholar
Deaner, R. O., Barton, R. A. and van Schaik, C. P. (2003). Primate brains and life histories: renewing the connection. In Primate Life Histories and Socioecology, ed. Kappeler, P. and Pereira, M., Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 233–265.Google Scholar
Eisenberg, J. F. (1973). Reproduction in two species of spider monkeys, Ateles fusciceps and Ateles geoffroyi.J. Mammal., 54, 955–957.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eisenberg, J. F. (1976). Communication mechanisms and social integration in the black spider monkey, Ateles fusciceps robustus and related species.Smithson. Contrib. Zool., 213, 1–108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Epple, G. (1975). Parental care in Saguinus fuscicollis spp. (Callithricidae). Folia Primatol., 24, 221–238.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fairbanks, L. A. (1993). Juvenile vervet monkeys: establishing relationships and practicing skills for the future. In Juvenile Primates: Life History, Development and Behavior, ed. Pereira, M. E. and Fairbanks, L. A., Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 211–227.Google Scholar
Fairbanks, L. A. (2000). The developmental timing of primate play: a neural selection model. In Biology, Brains, and Behavior: The Evolution of Human Development, ed. Parker, S. T., Langer, J. and McKinney, M. L., Santa Fe, CA: School of American Research Press, pp. 131–158.Google Scholar
Fedigan, L. M. and Baxter, M. J. (1984). Sex differences and social organization in free-ranging spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi).Primates, 25, 279–294.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fruth, B., Hohmann, G. and McGrew, W. C. (1999). The Pan species. In The Nonhuman Primates, ed. Dolhinow, P. and Fuentes, A., Mayfield, CA: Mayfield Publishing Company, pp. 64–72.Google Scholar
Goldizen, A. W. (1987). Tamarins and marmosets: communal care of offspring. In Primate Societies, ed. Smuts, B. B., Cheney, D. L., Seyfarth, R. M., Wrangham, R. W. and Struhsaker, T. T., Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 34–43.Google Scholar
Gonzalez-Kirchner, J. P. (1999). Habitat use, population density and subgrouping pattern of the Yucatan spider monkey (Ateles geoffroyi yucatanensis) in Quintana Roo, Mexico.Folia Primatol., 70, 55–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodall, J. (1968). The behaviour of free-living chimpanzees in the Gombe Stream Reserve.Anim. Behav. Monogr., 1, 161–311.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodall, J. (1971). In the Shadow of Man. London: Collins.Google Scholar
Goodall, J. (1983). Population dynamics during a 15 year period in one community of free-living chimpanzees in the Gombe National Park, Tanzania.Z. Tierpsychol., 61, 1–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodall, J. (1986). The Chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of Behavior. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.Google Scholar
Gubernick, D. J. and Klopfer, P. H., eds. (1981). Parental Care in Mammals. New York: Plenum Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harcourt, A. H. and Stewart, K. J. (1981). Gorilla male relationships: can differences during immaturity lead to contrasting reproductive tactics in adulthood?Anim. Behav., 29, 206–210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harlow, H. F. (1959). Love in infant monkeys.Sci. Am., 200, 68–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harlow, H. F. (1971). Learning to Love. New York: Ballentine Books.Google Scholar
Harlow, H. F. and Zimmermann, R. R. (1959). Affectional responses in the infant monkey.Science, 130, 421–432.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harvey, P. H., Martin, R. D. and Clutton-Brock, T. H. (1987). Life histories in comparative perspective. In Primate Societies, ed. Smuts, B. B., Cheney, D. L., Seyfarth, R. M., Wrangham, R. W. and Struhsaker, T. T., Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 181–196.Google Scholar
Harvey, P. H., Read, A. F. and Promislow, D. E. L. (1989). Life history variation in placental mammals: unifying the data with theory.Oxford Surv. Evol. Biol., 6, 13–31.Google Scholar
Hayaki, H. (1983). The social interactions of juvenile Japanese monkeys on Koshima islet.Primates, 24, 139–153.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoage, R. J. (1978). Parental care in Leontopithecus rosalia rosalia: sex and age differences in carrying behavior and the role of prior experience. In The Biology and Conservation of the Callitrichidae, ed. Kleiman, D. G., Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, pp. 293–305.Google Scholar
Izawa, K., Kimura, K. and Nieto, A. S. (1979). Grouping of the wild spider monkey.Primates, 20, 503–512.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Janson, C. H. (1990). Ecological consequences of individual spatial choice in foraging groups of brown capuchin monkeys, Cebus apella.Anim. Behav., 40, 922–934.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Janson, C. H. and van Schaik, C. P. (1993). Ecological risk aversion in juvenile primates: slow and steady wins the race. In Juvenile Primates: Life History, Development, and Behavior, ed. Pereira, M. and Fairbanks, L. A., New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 57–74.Google Scholar
Klein, L. L. and Klein, D. B. (1977). Feeding behaviour of the Colombian spider monkey. In Primate Ecology: Studies of Feeding and Ranging Behavior in Lemurs, Monkeys and Apes, ed. Clutton-Brock, T. H., London: Academic Press, pp. 153–182.Google Scholar
Kraemer, H. C., Horvat, J. R., Doering, C. and McGinnis, P. R. (1982). Male chimpanzee development focusing on adolescence: integration of behavioral with physiological changes.Primates, 23, 393–405.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, P. C. (1984). Ecological constraints on the social development of vervet monkeys.Behaviour, 91, 245–262.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Macedonia, J. M. (1991). Vocal communication and anti-predator behavior in the ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta) with a comparison to the ruffed lemur (Varecia variagatta). Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Duke University, Durham, NC.
Martin, P. and Caro, T. (1985). On the functions of play and its role in behavioral development. In Advances in the Study of Behavior, ed. Rosenblatt, J. S., Beer, C., Busnel, M. C. and Slater, P. J. B., Orlando, FL: Academic Press, pp. 59–103.Google Scholar
Martin, R. D. (1996). Scaling of the mammalian brain: the maternal energy hypothesis.News Physiol. Sci., 11, 149–156.Google Scholar
McDaniel, P. S. (1994). The social behavior and ecology of the black-handed spider monkey (Ateles geoffroyi). Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO.
Meaney, M. J., Stewart, J. and Beatty, W. W. (1985). Sex differences in social play: the socialization of sex roles. In Advances in the Study of Behavior, ed. Rosenblatt, J. S., Beer, C., Busnel, M. C. and Slater, P. J. B., Orlando, FL: Academic Press, pp. 2–58.Google Scholar
Milton, K. (1981). Estimates of reproductive parameters for free-ranging Ateles geoffroyi.Primates, 22, 574–579.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milton, K. (1993). Diet and social organization of a free-ranging spider monkey population: the development of species-typical behavior in the absence of adults. In Juvenile Primates: Life History, Development, and Behavior, ed. M. E. Pereira and L. A. Fairbanks, New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 173–181.Google Scholar
Milton, K. and Hopkins, M. E. (2005). Growth of a reintroduced spider monkey (Ateles geoffroyi) population on Barro Colorado Island, Panama. In New Perspectives in the Study of Mesoamerican Primates, ed. Estrada, A., Garber, P. A., M. Pavelka, and Luecke, L., New York: Springer Verlag, pp. 417–435.Google Scholar
Nishida, T. and Kawanaka, K. (1985). Within-group cannibalism by adult male chimpanzees.Primates, 26, 247–284.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nunes, A. and Chapman, C. A. (1995). A re-evaluation of factors influencing the sex ratio of spider monkey populations with new data from Maraca Island, Brazil.Folia Primatol., 68, 31–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pagel, M. and Harvey, P. H. (1993). Evolution of the juvenile period in mammals. In Juvenile Primates: Life History, Development and Behavior, ed. Pereira, M. E. and Fairbanks, L. A., New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 28–37.Google Scholar
Pereira, M. (1984). Age changes and sex differences in the social behavior of juvenile yellow baboons (Papio cynocephalus). Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL.
Pereira, M. E. (1988a). Effects of age and sex on intra-group spacing behaviour in juvenile savannah baboons, Papio cynocephalus cynocephalus.Anim. Behav., 36, 184–204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pereira, M. E. (1988b). Agonistic interactions of juvenile savanna baboons. I. Fundamental features. Ethology, 79, 195–217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pereira, M. E. (1989). Agonistic interactions of juvenile savanna baboons. II. Agonistic support and rank acquisition. Ethology, 80, 152–171.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pereira, M. E. (1995). Development and social dominance among group-living primates.Am. J. Primatol., 37, 143–175.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pereira, M. E. and Altmann, J. (1985). Development of social behavior in free-living nonhuman primates. In Nonhuman Primate Models for Human Growth and Development, ed. Watts, E. S., New York: Alan R. Liss, pp. 217–309.Google Scholar
Pereira, M. E. and Fairbanks, L. A., eds. (1993a). Juvenile Primates: Life History, Development, and Behavior. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Pereira, M. E. and Fairbanks, L. A. (1993b). What are juvenile primates all about? In Juvenile Primates: Life History, Development and Behavior, ed. Pereira, M. E. and Fairbanks, L. A., New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 3–12.Google Scholar
Pereira, M. E. and Leigh, S. R. (2003). Modes of primate development. In Primate Life Histories and Socioecology, ed. Kappeler, P. M. and Pereira, M. E., Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 149–176.Google Scholar
Poirier, F. E. and Smith, E. O. (1974). Socializing functions of primate play.Am. Zool., 14, 275–287.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pusey, A. E. (1983). Mother-offspring relationships in chimpanzees after weaning.Anim. Behav., 31, 363–377.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pusey, A. E. (1990). Behavioral changes at adolescence in chimpanzees.Behaviour, 115, 203–245.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ramos-Fernández, G. (2001). Patterns of association, feeding competition and vocal communication in spider monkeys, Ateles geoffroyi. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
Ramos-Fernández, G. and Ayala-Orozco, B. (2003). Population size and habitat use of spider monkeys in Punta Laguna, Mexico. In Primates in Fragments: Ecology and Conservation, ed. Marsh, L. K., New York: Kluwer, pp. 191–210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ramos-Fernández, G., Ayala-Orozco, B., Bonilla-Moheno, M. and Garcia-Frapolli, E. (2005). Conservación comunitaria en Punta Laguna: fortalecimiento de instituciones locales para el desarollo sostenible. Congreso “Casos exitosos de desarollo sostenible del Tropico”, Vera Cruz, Mexico.
Ramos-Fernández, G., Vick, L. G., Aureli, F., Schaffner, C. M. and Taub, D. M. (2003). Behavioral ecology and conservation status of spider monkeys in the Otoch Ma'ax Yetel Kooh Protected Area.Neotrop. Primates, 11, 155–158.Google Scholar
Rhine, R. J. (1975). The order of movement of yellow baboons (Papio cynocephalus).Folia Primatol., 23, 73–104.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Robinson, J. G. (1981). Spatial structure in foraging groups of wedge-capped capuchin monkeys Cebus nigrivittatus.Anim. Behav., 29, 1036–1056.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ross, C. and Jones, K. E. (1999). Socioecology and the evolution of primate reproductive rates. In Comparative Primate Socioecology, ed. Lee, P. C., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 73–110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sacher, G. A. (1975). Maturation and longevity in relation to cranial capacity in hominid evolution. In Primate Functional Morphology and Evolution, ed. Tuttle, R. H., The Hague: Mouton, pp. 417–441.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sacher, G. and Staffeldt, E. (1974). Relation of gestation time to brain weight for placental mammals: implication for the theory of vertebrate growth.Am. Nat., 108, 593–615.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seyfarth, R. M. and Cheney, D. L. (1980). The ontogeny of vervet monkey alarm-calling behaviour: a preliminary report.Z. Tierpsychol., 54, 37–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seyfarth, R. M. and Cheney, D. L. (1986). Vocal development in vervet monkeys.Anim. Behav., 24, 1450–1468.Google Scholar
Shimooka, Y. (2003). Seasonal variation in association patterns of wild spider monkeys (Ateles belzebuth belzebuth) at La Macarena, Colombia.Primates, 44, 83–90.Google ScholarPubMed
Silk, J. B. (1983). Local resource competition and facultative adjustment of sex ratio in relation to competitve abilities.Am. Nat., 121, 56–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Silk, J. B., Samuels, A. and Rodman, P. S. (1981). The influence of kinship, rank, and sex on affiliation and aggression between adult female and immature bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata).Behaviour, 78, 111–137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, E. O. (1978). Social Play in Primates. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Stanford, C. (1995). The influence of chimpanzee predation on group size and anti-predator behaviour in red colobus monkeys.Anim. Behav., 49, 577–587.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stanford, C. B., Wallis, J.Matama, H. and Goodall, J. (1994). Patterns of predation by chimpanzees on red colobus monkeys in Gombe National Park, Tanzania, 1982–1991.Am. J. Phys. Anthropol., 94, 213–228.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Symington, M. M. (1987). Sex ratio and maternal rank in wild spider monkeys: when daughters disperse.Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol., 20, 421–425.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Symington, M. M. (1988). Food competition and foraging party size in the black spider monkey (Ateles paniscus chamek).Behaviour, 105, 117–134.Google Scholar
Symington, M. M. (1990). Fission-fusion social organization in Ateles and Pan.Int. J. Primatol., 11, 47–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taub, D. M. (1984). Male caretaking behaviour among wild Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus). In Primate Paternalism, ed. Taub, D. M., New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, pp. 20–55.Google Scholar
Terborgh, J. W. (1983). Five New World Primates: A Study in Comparative Ecology. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Terborgh, J. W. and Janson, C. H. (1986). The socioecology of primate groups.Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 17, 111–135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Valero, A., Schaffner, C. M., Vick, L. G., Aureli, F. and Ramos-Fernández, G. (2006). Intragroup lethal aggression in wild spider monkeys.Am. J. Primatol., 68, 732–737.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roosmalen, M. G. M. (1985). Habitat preferences, diet, feeding strategy and social organization of the black spider monkey (Ateles paniscus paniscus Linnaeus 1758) in Surinam.Acta Amazonica, 15, 3–238.Google Scholar
van Roosmalen, M. G. M. and Klein, L. L. (1988). The spider monkeys, genus Ateles. In Ecology and Behaviour of Neotropical Primates, Vol. 2, ed. Mittermeier, R. A., Rylands, A. B., Coimbra-Filho, A. F. and Fonseca, G. A. B., Washington, DC: World Wildlife Fund, pp. 455–537.Google Scholar
Schaik, C. P. (1983). Why are diurnal primates living in groups?Behaviour, 87, 120–144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schaik, C. P. and Janson, C. H. (2000). Infanticide by Males and Its Implications. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schaik, C. P. and Noordwijk, M. A. (1985). Evolutionary effect of the absence of felids on the social organization of the macaques on the island of Simeulue (Macaca fascicularis fusca, Miller 1903).Folia Primatol., 44, 138–147.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schaik, C. P. and Noordwijk, M. A. (1989). The special role of male Cebus monkeys in predation avoidance and its effect on group composition.Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol., 24, 265–276.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vick, L. G. and Taub, D. M. (1995). Ecology and behavior of spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi) at Punta Laguna, Mexico.Am. J. Primatol., 36, 160.Google Scholar
Vick, L. G., Ramos-Fernández, G. and Taub, D. M. (2001). El infanticidio en los monos aranas (Ateles geoffroyi yucatanensis) en Punta Laguna, Mexico. 1er Congreso mexicano de Primatología, Mérida, México, September, 2001.
Walters, J. R. (1981). Inferring kinship from behaviour: maternity determinations in yellow baboons.Anim. Behav., 29, 126–136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walters, J. R. (1987). Transition to adulthood. In Primate Societies, ed. Smuts, B. B., Cheney, D. L., Seyfarth, R. M., Wrangham, R. W. and Struhsaker, T. T., Chicago: Chicago University Press, pp. 358–369.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×