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from Part II - Applications
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 01 May 2025
The chapter introduces in a unified manner all ferroic materials including the three main ferroic systems, namely ferromagnetic, ferroelectric and ferroelastic, in addition to the case of materials that can display ferrotoroidic order. General physical aspects of magnetism, electricity and elasticity are used in order to introduce the order parameters that conveniently describe all these classes of ferroic phase transitions. It is shown that while the order parameter has a vectorial nature for ferromagnetic (axial vector), ferroelectric (polar vector) and magnetic ferrotoroidal (axial vector) systems, it is a rank-2 polar tensor in ferroelastic materials. The resulting physical differences arising from the different nature of the order parameter are then analysed in detail. Next, it is shown how to construct a convenient Ginszburg–Landau free energy functional in terms of these order parameters and their coupling for the different ferroic systems besides how to obtain the corresponding phase diagrams and microstructural features.
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