This chapter uses examples from different countries (Israel, Czech Republic, United States, Poland, South Korea, Benin, Greece, Belgium, Luxembourg, Nigeria, Guyana, Colombia, France, Switzerland, Spain, Italy, Guatemala, Moldova, Denmark, Australia, Ireland, India, Hungary, Slovakia), as well as US states (Michigan, Ohio, North Dakota, Arkansas, Nevada) to demonstrate the variety of amendment procedures which range from a simple majority to approval by multiple actors, by qualified majorities, by one or more referendums, or by multiple votes (sometimes with intervening elections). In addition, sometimes these rules may be combined or considered as alternatives. These procedures are not only extremely diverse but are also very significant as demonstrated by the fact that they become the object of political conflict among the relevant actors or are even modified by some of the actors in order to achieve their political goals.
