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2 results

  • 9 - The Use of Force

  • General editor Randall Lesaffer, KU Leuven and Tilburg University
  • Edited by Robert Kolb, Université de Genève, Momchil Milanov, International Court of Justice
  • Book:
    The Cambridge History of International Law
    Published online:
    01 May 2025
    Print publication:
    29 May 2025, pp 257-288

  • Summary

    From the Covenant of the League of Nations (1919) to the Kellogg–Briand Pact (1928), the interwar years were punctuated by efforts to codify the right of states to resort to armed force. It is often said that the Covenant and the pact prohibited war while leaving recourse to measures short of war unregulated. This account eludes the heated debates that animated interwar scholarship regarding the scope of the prohibition of the use of force contained in these two instruments. Doctrine was, in fact, split: a (smaller) part claimed that armed reprisals were not forbidden, while another (larger) faction asserted that they were. Likewise, states had different understandings of their obligations not to ‘resort to war’ under the Covenant and the pact. This chapter uses these debates as a thread to give an overview of interwar jus ad bellum.

  • E. R. Kelley Case.

  • United States and Mexico: Claims Commission. 8 October 1930
  • Journal:
    Annual Digest of Public International Law Cases / Volume 5 / 1936
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    01 January 2021, pp. 480-482
    Print publication:
    1936

  • Sovereignty — In Foreign Relations — Self-preservation — Emergency Measures in the course of Hostilities short of War.

    Measures Short of War — Intervention — Hostilities in the course of — Effect on Contracts with Enemies — Emergency Measures.

    War — Effect on Contracts — Emergency Measures in the course of Hostilities Short of War — Occupation of Vera Cruz by the United States.