The ventral surface of the human occipital lobe contains multiple retinotopicmaps. The most posterior of these maps is considered a potential homolog ofmacaque V4, and referred to as human V4 (“hV4”). Thelocation of the hV4 map, its retinotopic organization, its role in visualencoding, and the cortical areas it borders have been the subject ofconsiderable investigation and debate over the last 25 years. We review thehistory of this map and adjacent maps in ventral occipital cortex, and considerthe different hypotheses for how these ventral occipital maps are organized.Advances in neuroimaging, computational modeling, and characterization of thenearby anatomical landmarks and functional brain areas have improved ourunderstanding of where human V4 is and what kind of visual representations itcontains.