The fermion content of the Standard Model is extended to 3 generations. For the lepton we discuss universality, and for the quarks the GIM mechanism, the CKM quark mixing matrix, and its CP violating parameter. Similarly, for the leptons we construct the PMNS mixing matrix, and we describe how neutrino oscillation was observed. Since the Standard Model is complete now, we provide an overview over its parameters and take another look from an unconventional low-energy perspective.

We will next move to discuss the Standard Model (SM) of electroweak and strong interactions. We will present the basic SM Lagrangian, andwe will discuss various properties of this simplest theory, but we will not do any phenomenology at this stage. There are many excellent books on the dynamics of the SM, and we will in most cases skip derivations of well-known formulae to save space and in particular energy for the later steps that are not covered in detail in textbooks. The most important result of this step will be collection of the Feynman rules for those interactions present in the SM that we will need for explicit calculations as we proceed. For readers' convenience we will collect these rules in an Appendix.