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Index

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 May 2025

Edited by
Ann Kveim Lie ,
Jeremy A. Greene  and
Warwick Anderson
Ann Kveim Lie
Affiliation:
University of Oslo
Jeremy A. Greene
Affiliation:
Johns Hopkins University
Warwick Anderson
Affiliation:
University of Sydney
Type
Chapter
Information
Medicine on a Larger Scale
Global Histories of Social Medicine
 , pp. 325 - 335
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2025
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BYCreative Common License - NC
This content is Open Access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence CC-BY-NC 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/cclicenses/

Index

Note: Page numbers in italics refer to figures; those followed by ‘n’ refer to the footnotes.

AAMC (American Association of Medical Colleges), 156, 157
al-Abḥath (journal), 48
Abi-Rached, Joelle M., 7, 40
Aboriginal health care, 238, 251, 252, 252n56
abortion laws, 52, 68, 126, 134
Abrasco (Associação Brasileira de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva), 7, 230
academic institutions. See also research
Australia, 244, 246n31, 253, 253n63
India, 291–292, 294
Latin America, 171n18, 178–179, 221, 225, 226, 227–232, 236
Scandinavia, 135, 141
US, 154–156, 161–163, 161n89, 164, 165n112, 165n115
academic journals, 45, 77, 111, 118, 142, 153, 164, 224, 233
Ackerknecht, Erwin, 22n4, 63
Advisory Committee on Medical Research (ACMR), 175, 179
Africa, 110, 271. See also Ghana; Pholela Community Health Centre (PCHC), South Africa
agrarian reforms, 110, 117, 201, 202, 205, 206, 320. See also rural health
ALAMES. See Latin American Social Medicine Association (ALAMES)
ALBA (Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America), 311
Algeria, 44, 58
Allende, Salvador, president of Chile, 64, 67, 68, 70, 75
Alliance for Progress, US, 71, 72, 174
Alma-Ata Declaration (1978), 11, 116, 251, 267, 286
Ambedkar, Babasaheb Bhimrao, 281, 282
AMECH (Chilean Medical Association), 66, 70
America. See United States (US)
American Association of Medical Colleges (AAMC), 156, 157
American Medical Association (AMA), 120, 156
AMI (Assistance Médicale Indigène), 87–89
Amrith, Sunil, 280
Anderson, Warwick, 12, 237, 246n31
anthropology, and social medicine, 21, 161n89, 164, 197, 244
Arab world
Arabic term for “social medicine,”7, 40, 45, 46
Ben Cheikh, Tawhida, 50–53, 52
El-Saadawi, Nawal, 56–57
Halim, Abdel Halim Mohamed, 53–55
Khairallah, Amin A., 40, 45, 47–49
Nahḍa movement, 45, 47
Shumayyil, Shibli, 40, 45–47, 48
social justice movements, 52, 58
women’s health, 50, 52
Argentina, social medicine in, 70, 236
Arogya Swaraj (“people’s health in people’s hands”), India, 281, 285, 285n16
Arole, Raj and Mabelle (CRPH), 288
Arouca, Antônio Sérgio da Silva, 75, 170, 227
ash-Shifāʾ (journal), 45
Assistance Médicale Indigène (AMI), 87–89
Atiyah, Edward, An Arab Tells His Story, 55
Australia
academic institutions, 244, 246n31, 253, 253n63
Cilento, Raphael, 239–241, 239n1
community health, 12, 249–254
growth of social medicine, 12, 237
leftist scholars, 241–242
McMichael, A. J. “Tony,”247, 249
racist policies, 237
stigma of socialist medicine, 255n70
bacteriology, and medicine, 35
Baehr, George, 147
Bandung (Asian-African) Conference (1955), 308
Bandung Conference on Rural Hygiene (1937)
colonialism and, 8, 99–103, 104–105
delegates, 81n1, 97–99, 99, 103–104
location, 81–82, 82, 83, 100n56, 102
outcomes, 82–84, 101, 103–104
Primary Health Care and, 289
and Rockefeller Foundation, 149
Banerji, D., 291
Bang, Abhay and Rani (SEARCH), 289
Bannister, David, 13, 217, 257, 276, 277
barefoot doctors, China, 202
establishment of, 201, 202–204, 205, 208–209, 216
international influence of, 11, 116, 215–216, 217, 269, 285
and rural community, 204, 207, 210, 211, 212, 216
Baru, Rama V., 13, 278, 278n2, 318
Basaglia, Franco, 76
Basic Health services, Scandinavia, 137
Beaumont, William, 36
Ben Cheikh, Tawhida, 50–53, 52
Berkeley Center for Social Medicine, US, 323, 165n112
Bhore Committee, India, 13, 147, 150, 279–280
Bibilie, Seneka, 290
Biomedicalization project, Scandinavia, 1n*, 122n*
biomedicine
community health and, 216, 253, 305–306
Eastern Europe, 115, 121
Gandhi on, 287
plasticity of, 302–306
and social justice, 14, 309
Virchow on, 21
biopolitics, 42, 43, 128, 166, 318
biosocial aspects of medicine, 17, 63, 163–164, 324
Birn, Anne-Emanuelle, 18, 149–150, 215, 318
birth attendants (Ba mu), French Indochina, 89, 92
Black Lives Matter protests, 166, 315, 323
Black Panther Party, 158–159, 215
Black social theorists, US, 151–153, 160
Bluestone, Ephraim (Montefiore), 155–156
Boas, Ernest, 155n62
Bolivar Country Farming Cooperative, 199
Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America (ALBA), 311
Bolsanaro, Jair, president of Brazil, 312
Bombay Plan, India, 280, 281
Bonnevie, Paul, 134
Borowy, Iris, 84, 140
Boston Medical and Surgical Journal (BMSJ), 145
bota abaixo riots, Brazil, 225
Bourdieu, Pierre, 218, 235
Bowditch, Henry Ingersoll, 144
Brazil
Abrasco, 7, 230
academic institutions, 227–232
health equity, 220, 221, 223, 233
historiography of public health, 219–226
IMS, 12, 219, 232, 233, 236
industrialization, 220
Mais Médicos program, 312
saúde coletiva, 63, 76, 219, 226–227, 230, 233, 234–236
social security organizations, 233
SUS, 224, 232–234
Brimnes, Niels, 122n*
Britain, 37, 55, 251n53, 266, 270, 272
British Gold Coast. See Ghana
Brotherton, P. Sean, 14, 297
Brown, Theodore, 83, 109n10
Brundtland, Gro Harlem, prime minister of Norway, 139–140
Buda, Béla, “The sociology of medicine and healthcare,”118, 19
Bugri, Sam, 270
Cabot, Richard, on social medicine, 144
Camargo, Kenneth Rochel de, 12, 218
Canguilhem, Georges, 42, 235
CAPES, Brazil, 231
capitalism. See racial capitalism
Cárdenas, Lázaro, president of Mexico, 320
Carter, Eric D., 1n*, 7, 8, 60
Cassel, John, 162
Castro, Fidel, president of Cuba, 307, 309, 310, 315
Castro, Josué de, The Geography of Hunger, 74
CEBES (Centro Brasileiro de Estudos de Saúde), 230, 233
CENDES, Venezuela, 71
Centre of Social Medicine and Community Health, India, 291–292
CEPAL (Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean), 71, 227
Chakrabarti, Pratik, “Health as Activism,”284, 285
Chávez, Hugo, president of Venezuela, 310, 311, 315
Chesneau, Pierre, 91–93, 92n34, 93, 98
Chile, 66–69, 67
Chilean Medical Association (AMECH), 66, 70
China. See also barefoot doctors, China
African missions, 110
Communist Party, 201, 206, 216, 217
Cultural Revolution, 205, 208
medicines, 203, 204, 207, 208, 213
People’s Commune, 202–203, 209, 212
Rockefeller Foundation in, 150
CHPS (Community-Based Health Planning and Services), Ghana, 266, 267
Christian Medical College, India, 283, 284
Cilento, Raphael W., 239–241, 239n1
Civil Medical Service, Dutch East Indies, 90–91
civil rights. See social justice movements
CMPP (Cuban Medical Professional Parole Program), 313
Cold War era
China and, 214
Latin America, 70–74
socialized medicine in, 106, 118
US and socialized medicine, 9, 120, 143, 144, 153–157
Colegio Médico, Chile, 70
Colombia, US missions in, 169, 175, 176
colonial health policies. See also Bandung Conference on Rural Hygiene (1937)
Africa, 44–45, 258, 264, 266–267, 308
AMI, 87–89
Australia, 237, 239–240
Cuban anti-colonialism, 214, 309
decolonization, 44, 167, 308
Dutch East Indies, 89–90, 102n60
Indian subcontinent, 278–279
NAM, 289
Portugal, 319
Colonial Welfare and Development Acts, Britain, 266
communism, in Cold War era, 70, 71, 175. See also specific countries
community health, 322. See also barefoot doctors, China; Pholela Community Health Centre (PCHC), South Africa; public health
China, 204, 212, 213
CHPS, Ghana, 266, 267, 275–276
community health program, Australia, 12, 249–254
community health workers, 189–190, 287, 288
COPC, South Africa, 10, 186, 187, 197–198
definition (Opit), 254
Indian subcontinent, 285, 287–289, 288n19, 291–292
Latin America, 185n84, 302, 303–304
and medicine, Australia, 239, 252, 255, 256
Scandinavia, 137
and universal health care, 116
US, 157–160, 288
Comprehensive Rural Health (CRPH) project, India, 288
Convention People’s Party (CPP), Ghana, 267–268, 269
Cordeiro, Hesio de Albuquerque, 183, 227–228, 229, 232, 233
Covid-19, 60–61, 142, 165, 295–296, 297–298, 298, 300
Crenshaw, Kimberlé, on intersectionality, 163
Cruz, Oswaldo, 225
Cruz-Coke, Eduardo, 68
Cuba, 321
CMPP, 313
community health, 302, 303–304, 305
Covid-19, 297, 300
ELAM, 300
international missions, 110, 298, 299, 306–311, 312, 314, 316
Soviet Union alliance, 309
Venezuela alliance, 310, 311, 315, 316
Cuban Revolution (1959), 14, 75, 299, 312
Cuenca I meeting, Ecuador, 77, 178–179, 183
Cultural Revolution, China, 203, 205, 208
CUNY Medical School, US, 165
Czechoslovakia, 108, 111, 113, 117, 119
Dark, Eleanor, 241
Dark, Eric P., 241–242
de Vogel, W. T., 90
Denmark, 125, 126, 133, 134, 136
dependency theory, 8, 74, 79, 167
Deuschle, Kurt (Many Farms), 155, 160
Diepgen, Paul, 36
Diretas Já movement, Brazil, 223
disability benefits, Scandinavia, 135
diseases. See epidemiology
Division of Social Medicine, US, 155–156
doctors. See physicians
Donnangelo, Maria Cecília Ferro, 76, 229
Du Bois, W. E. B., 9, 151–153
Dubos, Jean, 153
Dubos, René, 153–154
Dunham, Francis Lee, An Approach to Social Medicine, 145
Dunk, James, 1n*, 12, 237
Dutch East Indies. See also Bandung Conference on Rural Hygiene (1937)
Civil Medical Service, 90–91
economy, 94–95
health policies, 87, 95, 96–97
Sangkuriang Legend (Bandung), 82
Eastern Europe
and Cuba, 109–113
health policies, 112, 113–118
social medicine in, 107–110
Weinermans on, 119
Ebert, Robert, 161
ecology, and health, 6, 141, 247, 248, 323
Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (CEPAL), 71, 227
Ecuador, 60, 77, 176, 178–179, 183
Educación Médica y Salud (journal), 10
Egypt, revolutionary doctors, 45, 52, 57
El Salvador, 178, 183
ELAS (Latin American School of Sociology), 171n18
Ellery, Reg, 242
El-Saadawi, Nawal, 56–57
Engh, Sunniva, 122n*
environmental health, 139, 247. See also ecology, and health
epidemiology
control programs, 210–211, 293
dispensarización (Cuban classification system), 305
ecology and, 248
rural diseases, 209–210, 304
socioeconomic factors and, 125
equality. See health equity
eugenics, 15–16, 16n13, 126–128, 144n3, 241
Evang, Karl
health policies, 131, 132, 137, 138
views, 125, 127
and WHO, 128–129, 137, 138n80
Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Brazil, 226
Fadl, Farouk, 55
Family Medicine Programme, Australia, 253
Fang, Xiaoping, 11, 201
Fanon, Franz, 159
Far Eastern Association for Tropical Medicine (FEATM), 86, 87
Farmer, Paul E., 17, 64, 163–164
fascism, 15
Fassler, Clara, 76
Fee, Elizabeth, 35, 64, 83, 109n10, 149
feminist physicians, Arab world, 50–53, 52, 56–57
Fiocruz (Fundação Oswaldo Cruz), Brazil, 225
Fiori, José Luis, 233
first-wave social medicine, Latin America, 7, 8, 61, 62, 64, 65–69, 76, 167
FLACSO (Faculty of Social Sciences), Latin America, 171, 171n18, 172, 173
Floyd, George, 166
Fog, Mogens, 125
Fonseca, Sebastian, 10, 167
Foucault, Michel, 42, 66, 229
Franco, Saul, 177
Frank, Andre Gunder, 74
Freire, Paulo, 74, 79
French Indochina. See also Bandung Conference on Rural Hygiene (1937)
AMI, 87–88
Ba mu (birth attendants), 89, 92
Great Depression, 91
rural health, 87, 91–93, 92n34, 93
Fugelli, Per, 141
Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Brazil, 225
Galdston, Iago, 147, 148
Galeano, Eduardo, 74
Gandhi, Mahatma, 280, 281, 285, 285n16, 287
García, Carlota Rios, 172
García, Joaquin Torres, 320
García, Juan César
ALAMES, 169–173, 174, 177, 181, 184
MMF survey, 175–179, 183
US on, 176n45
work with PAHO, 75, 168, 226–227
Geiger, H. Jack, 157–158, 199–200
Germany, 25, 26, 27, 30, 36n36, 107
Ghana
CHPS program, 274–276
Medical Field Units (MFUs), 13, 257–258, 263–267, 268, 269–274
Native Authorities, 257, 259–263, 275–276
and socialist countries, 272
Ghetto Medicine Law (1968), US, 159
Gibson, Count, 158
global health
analysis of, 103, 299n5, 314–317
Cuba and, 298, 300–302, 306
future of, 16–19
US and, 148–151, 164
WHO and, 140
Gordon, Douglas, Health, Sickness, and Society, 254–256
Goschler, Constantin, 22n4
Grant, John, 13, 150, 157, 162, 280
Great Depression, 85, 91, 242
Greene, Jeremy A., 9, 143
Gregg, Alan, 147
Grotjahn, Alfred, 16, 38, 125, 127
Grunfeld, Berthold, 134
Guérin, Jules, 41–45, 48
Guevara, Che, 65, 74, 159, 307
Guimarães, Reinaldo, 232, 233
Guimarães, Ulysses, 223
Haave, Per, 9, 122
Haitian Revolution, 301
Halim, Abdel Halim Mohamed, 53–55
Hansen, Helena, structural competency, 164, 322
Haroun, Georges, “S̆iblı̄ S̆umayyil,”46
Harsch, Donna, “medicalized social hygiene,”114
Harvard School of Public Health (HSE), 283
Health Action International, 290
health equity
Brazil, 220
China, 205–209
in global health, 306
India, 281, 295
intersectionality, 163
rural areas, 163–164
Scandinavia, 130, 132, 142
structural inequality, 305
US, 151–153
WHO report (2005), 18
women, 56, 57
Heiser, Victor (RD), 86, 87, 148
Helou, Lidia, 7, 40
Heni, Gogo (PCHC health worker), 189–190, 189n11, 200
Henry Reeve Medical Brigade (HRIMB), Cuba, 297, 307, 308
herbal medicine. See traditional medicine
Hermant, Pierre, 94
Hetzel, Basil, 238, 245–246
Hindu caste system, 281
Hirak movement, Algeria, 58
Höjer, Axel, 127, 138
Horton, Richard, “Health in the Arab World,”59
Horwitz, Abraham, 72
Hospital Act (1969), Norway, 131
HRIMB (Henry Reeve Medical Brigade), Cuba, 297, 307, 308
Hubbard, John Perry, 143, 156
Hübener, Carl Wilhelm, The Silesian Weavers, 27
humanitarianism
Cuban missions, 299, 306–311, 313, 314, 316
from Global South, 298
and social medicine, 43
South–South aid, 10, 321
Hungary, 112, 114, 117, 118–119
Hurricane Katrina, US, 307
Hydrick, J. L. (IHD), 94–95, 99, 148
hygiene policies. See social hygiene policies
IAPs (Institutos de Aposentadoria e Pensão), Brazil, 220, 222
IHD. See International Health Division (IHD)
Illich, Ivan, 76
IMF (International Monetary Fund), 273–274
IMS (Instituto de Medicina Social), Brazil, 12, 219, 224, 228–230, 232, 236
INAMPS (Instituto de Assistência Médica da Previdência Social), 233
Indian subcontinent
academic institutions, 291–292
Arogya Swaraj, 281, 285, 285n16
Bhore Committee, 13, 147, 150, 279–280
community health workers, 287–289
health equity, 285, 287, 289, 295
international influences, 138, 285
Khanna and Narangwal studies, 283–285
NRHM, 293
postcolonialism, 278, 283
reproductive health policies, 293n23
SAP, 292
women’s health, 289, 318
Indigenous communities
Aboriginal communities, 238, 251, 252, 252n56
AMI, 87–89
Bandung Conference (1937), 101–103
Navajo Reservation, 154, 160
Indochina. See French Indochina
Indonesia. See Dutch East Indies
inequality. See health equity
Inghe, Gunnar, 126, 134, 135
Instituto de Medicina Social (IMS), Brazil, 12, 219, 224, 228–230, 232, 236
International Federation of Socialist Physicians, 124, 127
international health, 9, 11, 70–73, 74, 78, 271–272. See also Bandung Conference on Rural Hygiene (1937)
International Health Board (IHB), 86, 86n12
International Health Division (IHD), 148–150, 151, 284
International Labor Organization (ILO), 69
International Monetary Fund (IMF), 273–274
Italy, 297, 298
Iyengar, Sudarshan, “Health Care: The Gandhian Way,”287
Jali, Amelia, 187
Jali, Edward, 187, 189
Jan Swasthya Abhiyan (JSA), India, 286–287, 292
Johns Hopkins University, 73, 165, 283
Jones, David S., 9, 143
Jones, W. J. A., 262
Joseph Bhore Committee. See Bhore Committee, India
Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), 145, 156
Kark, Emily (PCHC), 157, 187–189, 189n10, 196–197, 200
Kark, Sidney (PCHC), 10, 157, 186–189, 187n5, 189n10, 198, 200
Kaufman, Jay S., 64
Kennedy, Edward, Senator, 158
Kennedy, John F., president of US, 307
Khairallah, Amin A., 40, 45, 47–49
Khanna project, India, 284–285
Kleinman, Arthur, 1n*
Knorr-Cetina, Karin D., 218, 235
Kreuder-Sonnen, Katharina, 108
Krieger, Nancy, 64
Kuhn, Thomas S., 218, 235
Kullerberg, Patricia, on Hungary, 115
Kveim Lie, Anne, 9, 122
labor unions, 70
Chile, 66
Latin America. See also specific countries
academic institutions, 70, 174–184
anti-communism in, 183
Cold War era, 70–74
Covid-19, 60–61
first-wave social medicine, 7, 8, 61, 62, 64, 65–69, 76, 167
“health in adversity,”61
higienismo policies, 66
journals, 77
MMF surveys, 171, 175–179
OPS/CENDES method, 71–73
PALTEX/BIREME medical library, 174, 179–184
“Pink Tide” governments, 64, 78
postcolonialism, 310
second-wave social medicine, 7, 8, 61, 62, 63, 74–77, 168
Western influences on, 78
Latin American Faculty of Social Sciences (FLACSO), 171, 171n18, 172
Latin American School of Medicine (ELAM), Cuba, 300
Latin American Social Medicine Association (ALAMES)
and community health, 185n84
formation of, 7, 77, 168
García, Juan César, 169–170, 171, 177, 184–185
and PAHO, 10, 178, 179, 182
League of Nations Health Organization (LNHO), 4, 69, 81, 83, 85–87, 97
Lebanon, White Coats movement, 58
Lecomte, Dr. A., 88
leftist scholars, 64, 124–125, 173–179, 184
Leunbach, Jonathan, 126
liberation theology, 8, 77, 79, 164, 167
López, Raúl Necochea, 215
Lorde, Audre, on intersectionality, 163
Loureiro, Sebastião, 227
Loyolla, Maria Andrea, 232
Luz, Madel, 230
Maalouf, Nicola, 55
Machado, Francisco de Assis, 75, 231
Machado, Roberto, 230
Mæland, Gunnar, 122n*
Mahanand, Jadumani, 282
Mahler, Halfdan T., 84, 116, 138
Mais Médicos program, 316
Malabou, Catherine, on plasticity, 306
Malhamé, Syrian, 55
Many Farms experiment, US, 154
Mao Zedong, 116–117, 159, 206
Marcel, Henri, 88
Marquez, Miguel, 176–177, 183
Marshall, Carter, 160
Martirena, Alfredo, 313
Marxism, and social medicine, 7, 9, 75, 172, 177, 226, 285
MBA (Misión Barrio Adentro), Cuba–Venezuela, 310, 312, 316
McCarthyism, US, 71
McDermott, Walsh, 154–155
McKeown, Thomas, 243
McMichael, A. J. Tony, 238, 247–249
Medibank, Australia, 243
medical education surveys, Latin America, 174–179
Medical Field Units (MFUs), Ghana, 13, 257–258, 263–267, 268, 269–274, 276
Medical Journal of Australia (journal), 241
medical schools. See academic institutions
medicalization of health, 1, 42, 66, 114
Medico Friends Circle (MFC), India, 292
Medicinische Reform, Die (journal), 20, 24, 24n5, 30, 31, 32
MEF (Family Physician and Nurse Program), Cuba, 303, 304
Mello, Carlos Gentile de, 222
Menéndez, Eduardo, 76
mental health, 15n12, 96
Metzl, Jonathan, structural competency, 164
Mexico, 75, 320
MFC (Medico Friends Circle), India, 292
MFUs. See Medical Field Units (MFUs), Ghana
Milbank Memorial Fund (MMF) project, Latin America, 171, 173, 175
Miller, Kelly, sociology of racism, 152
MINSAP (Cuban Ministry of Public Health), 304
Misión Barrio Adentro (MBA), Cuba–Venezuela, 310, 312, 316
Molina Guzmán, Gustavo, 64, 76, 183
Møller, Anker, 126
Monash University, Australia, 245
Monnais, Laurence, 8, 81
Montefiore Hospital, US, 155–156, 160, 164
Montes Claros, Brazil, 231
Moraes, Nelson Luiz de Araújo, 228
Morman, Edward T., 35
Moser, Gabriele, 114
Mount Sinai Hospital, US, 160
Movimento de Reforma Sanitária (MRS), Brazil, 222, 224, 233, 234
Mozambique, 319
Mudaliar, Sir Arcot Lakshmanaswami, 138
Muñoz, José, 316
Mūsā, Salāma, 45
Musolino, Connie, 12, 237
al-Mustaḳbal (journal), 45
Nahḍa movement, Ottoman Empire, 45, 47
Narangwal study, India, 284
National Health Service (NHS), Britain, 37, 110
National Planning Committee, India, 280–282
National Rural Health Mission (NRHM), 293
nationalism, and social medicine, 15, 238, 240, 241
nation-state, and social medicine, 241, 252
Native Authorities (NAs), Ghana, 257, 259–263, 275–276
Navajo Reservation, US, 154, 160
Navarro, Vicente, 64, 76, 76n39, 138n80
Navrongo Experiment, Ghana, 275, 276
Neely, Abigail H., 10, 157, 186
Nehru, Jawaharlal, 281
Nelson, Alondra, Body and Soul, 159
New England Journal of Medicine, 144
New York Academy of Medicine (NYAM), 37, 147
New York Hospital, 154
Newsholme, Arthur, 108, 242
Ngcobo, Gogo (PCHC community), 200
Ngcobo, Gogo (PCHC resident), 190, 194
Nkrumah, Kwame, president of Ghana, 267–268, 272
Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), 289, 309
Nordic countries. See Scandinavia
Nordic Journal of Social Medicine (journal), 142
Noronha, José Carvalho de, 232
North Carolina University (UNC), 162–163, 199, 200
Norway
academic institutions, 135, 141
Brundtland, Gro Harlem, 139–140
eugenics and sterilization laws, 127
health policies, 124, 126, 133, 134, 138
public health system, 130–132
Norwegian Research Council, 122n*
Nunes, Nina Vivina Pereira, 227, 232
NYAM. See New York Academy of Medicine (NYAM)
occupational therapy, Dutch East Indies, 96–97
Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO), 158
Offringa, J., 90, 91, 95, 99, 101
Opit, Lou, 254, 254n66
OPS/CENDES program, Latin America, 71, 75
Orvosi Hetilap, journal, 111
Ottesen-Jensen, Elise, 126
Packard, Randall, 84
PALTEX/BIREME library (PAHO), 169, 174, 179–184
Pan-American Health Organization (PAHO), 10, 71, 75, 168, 170, 173–179, 183, 225
Papua New Guinea, Cilentro in, 239, 245
Park, Robert, 153
participatory action research, 167
Partido Comunista Brasileiro (PCB), 221
Partners in Health (PIH), 164
pathologies, and social medicine, 48
Pavlov, Ivan, 112, 113
PCHC. See Pholela Community Health Centre (PCHC), South Africa
peasants. See agrarian reforms
People’s Commune, China, 202–203, 209, 212
People’s Free Medical Clinics (PFMCs), 159, 215
People’s Plan, India, 280, 281
People’s Republic of China. See China
Peru, 215
Petrov, Boris Dmitrievich, 112
pharmaceuticals, 207, 208, 210, 213, 290–291
Philippines, 100
Pholela Community Health Centre (PCHC), South Africa, 186–200
background, 191–192
community health workers, 189, 192, 200
Kark, Sidney and Emily, 10, 157, 186–189, 187n5, 189n10, 196–197, 198, 200
seed cooperatives, 195–197
vegetable gardens, 194–195, 199
physicians
Arab women, 50–53, 52, 56–57
IMS, 228
Latin America, 66, 227
leftist, 64, 173–179, 184
postcolonial movement, 84, 86, 87, 278
training of, 304
Physis (journal), 232
PIH (Partners in Health), 164
Pink Tide governments, Latin America, 78
Pioneer Health Centre, Britain, 251n53
planetary health, 6, 141, 249, 323
plasticity in biomedicine, 306
Podolsky, Scott H., 9, 143
Poland, 112, 119
Pols, Hans, 8, 81
Popular Journal for Sex Education (journal), 126
Porter, Dorothy, 16n13, 65, 151
poverty. See social determinants of health
Powles, John W., 246–247, 247n32
preventive medicine
China, 210
Ghana, 261, 265
India, 150, 280, 287
Latin America, 73, 170, 177
Pavlov on, 112
US, 144, 156, 161
primary health care. See Alma-Ata Declaration (1978)
Prussia, 25, 26, 27, 29, 30
public health
Alma-Ata Declaration (1978), 11, 83, 116, 251, 267, 286
Indian subcontinent, 286–287
Latin America, 12, 311
as preferred term, 142
in socialist countries, 111
state and, 31, 35
Public Health Care (PHC) conference (WHO), 319
Public Health Foundation of India, 294
queerness, and global health, 316
Quiroga, José, 312
racial capitalism, 188, 188n7, 192, 195
racism, 151–153, 160, 188, 191–192, 237, 239, 240
Rajchman, Ludwik, 84, 85
Rasyid, Abdul, 95
Reagan, Ronald, president of US, 120
Reeve, Brigadier General Henry, 307
Reform and Opening-Up period, China, 208–209
religion, and social medicine, 77, 292
Renault, Emmanuel, “Biopolitique,”42, 44
reproductive health, 16, 51, 126, 134, 137, 138n80, 293n23. See also eugenics
research. See also academic institutions
importance of, 133
journals, 45, 118, 145, 153, 164, 224, 233
PALTEX/BIREME library, 174, 179–184
scientific development of, 218
revolutions, and social medicine
Egypt, 45, 52, 57
Haiti, 301
Latin America, 14, 75, 299, 312
Prussia, 26, 29–33
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 219, 225
Robinson, Cecil, “racial capitalism,”188n7
Rockefeller Foundation, 9, 86, 94–95, 143, 147, 148–151, 155n62, 226, 283
Rockefeller Institute, 153
Rodriguez, Maria Isabel, 178, 179, 182–183
Roemer, Milton, 64, 132, 138n80, 279
Rose, Gillian, 197
Rosen, George
and historiography of social medicine, 3, 22, 35–38, 122–123
NYAM conference, 147
and Virchow, 34, 39, 63
Rosenau, Milton, 144, 144n3, 162
Rosenberg, Charles, 1n*
Rosenstam, Ida, 130
Rousseff, Dilma, president of Brazil, 311
Rovere, Mario, 170, 177
Roy, M. N, People’s Plan, India, 281
RSFU (Swedish Association for Sexuality Education), 126
Ruiz, Dr. (Cuban consultorios), 302–303, 302n17, 304
rural health. See also barefoot doctors, China; social hygiene policies; specific countries
China, 116–117, 208, 209–211, 214
CRPH, India, 288
Eastern Europe, 117–118
French Indochina, 87, 91–93, 93
and rural community, 207
Russia. See Soviet Union
Ryle, John, 13, 146, 147, 150, 280
Saint, Eric, 244–245
SAIRR (South African Institute for Race Relations), 188, 188n9
Sand, René, 63, 150
São Paulo, University of (USP), 221
Sardell, Alice, 158
Sarney, José, president of Brazil, 223
saúde coletiva, Brazil, 63, 76, 219, 226–227, 230, 233, 234–236
Saúde em Debate (journal), 233
Savelli, Mat, 106
Sax, Sidney, 242–244, 250, 253
Scandinavia. See also Denmark; Norway; Sweden
basic health services, 131
development of social medicine, 122, 135–137
eugenics and sterilization laws, 16n13, 126–128
“social medicine” term, 142
socialism, 124–125
welfare model, 9, 129
Scandinavian Journal of Public Health (journal), 142
Schedule Tribe communities, India, 289
Scheper-Hughes, Nancy, 164
Schipperges, Heinrich, 22n4, 32
Schumaker, Lynn, 197
Scott, David, ‘problem-space’, 314
SDOH (structural determinants of health), 305, 314
second-wave social medicine, Latin America, 7, 8, 61, 62, 63, 74–77, 168
seed cooperatives (PCHC), 195, 199
Servicio Nacional de Salud (SNS), Chile, 68, 69, 70, 73
Sesia, Paola, 79
sexual health, 58, 126, 134
Sheps, Cecil, 162
Shumayyil, Shibli, 40, 45–47, 48
Sigerist, Henry, 34, 145–148
Bhore Committee, 13, 280
and Black social theorists, 153
and historiography of social medicine, 22
influence of, 36, 64, 157, 242, 243, 266
and Rockefeller Foundation, 148, 150, 155n62
on socialized medicine, 108
on Virchow, 34, 63, 64
Silesia. See Upper Silesia
Silva, Rodrigues da, 227
Simonovits, István, 113, 117
Sindicato de Médicos (labor union), Chile, 66
Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), Brazil, 224, 232–234
Sithole, Gogo (PCHC community), 192–193, 200
Škovránek, Vilém, 115
SMC (Social Medicine Consortium), 164
Smythurst, B. A., 252–253
SNS (Servicio Nacional de Salud), Chile, 68, 69, 70, 73
social determinants of health
biological, 17, 324
ecological, 6, 141, 247, 248, 323
economic, 188, 192, 255
racial, 152, 160
rural areas, 148, 163–164, 205
social hygiene policies
Eastern Europe, 113–118
eugenics, 15–16, 16n13, 126–128, 144n3
Indian subcontinent, 290
Latin America, 66, 78, 225
Scandinavia, 133
and social medicine, 86
Southeast Asia, 88, 92, 94–95, 95
Soviet Union, 107–109
in twentieth century, 114
social justice movements
Africa, 51, 52, 54, 55, 58–59, 189n10
Latin America, 310
US, 158–160, 166, 215, 315, 323
social medicine
definition, 1–2, 3, 21, 42–44, 48, 322
future of, 3, 19, 323
historical context, 3–4, 13, 122, 278
India, 285
international terms for, 7, 45, 142, 278n2
postcolonial role in, 4–5
and socialized medicine, 109–113, 118–119, 120, 121, 125, 154–156
Social Medicine (journal), 123, 164
Social Medicine Consortium (SMC), 164
socialist countries, 8. See also specific countries
Socialist Medical Association, 110
socialist scholars, 173–179
Socialistisk Medisinsk Tidsskrift (journal), 125
socialized medicine
definition, 43, 106–107
health policies, 116
hygiene policies, 113–114
Latin America, 66–68, 69, 74–75, 173–179, 184, 226
Scandinavia, 124–125, 133
and social medicine, 109–113, 118–119, 120, 121, 125, 154–156
as statist, 111
US and, 143
Western medicine and, 118–119
socioeconomic factors, 125, 127, 134, 163, 188, 305
solidarity humanitarianism
China, 110
Latin America, 74–77, 76n39, 78, 306–311, 313
Scandinavia, 140
Solomon, Susan, 108
South Africa, 188, 188n7, 192, 195. See also Pholela Community Health Centre (PCHC), South Africa
African Reserves, 191–192
Community-Oriented Primary Care, 10, 157, 186, 187, 197–198
Rockefeller Foundation and, 150
South African Institute for Race Relations (SAIRR), 188, 188n9
Southeast Asia, 85, 91. See also Bandung Conference on Rural Hygiene (1937); specific countries
South–South humanitarianism, 10, 321
Soviet Union
Cuban alliance, 309
Dark, Eric P. on, 242
health policies, 106, 107–109, 111, 319
US relationship, 147
views of Alma-Ata Conference, 116
Spinelli, Hugo, 172
Sri Lanka, 282–283, 290–291, 295, 318
Štampar, Andrija, 109, 131, 137, 138n80, 148, 150, 151, 266
sterilization laws, Scandinavia, 127
Strathern, Marilyn, 197
Strøm, Axel, 133, 135
Structural Adjustment Program (SAP), World Bank, 293, 294
structural competency (Hansen and Metzl), 164
structural determinants of health (SDOHs), 305, 314
structural violence, 152
Sudan, 53–55
Sundby, Per, 134
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), 315
Sweden
academic institutions, 136, 141
eugenics and sterilization laws, 127
“folkhälsan”/”folkehelse,”123, 124
health policies, 133, 138
welfare state, 130, 132
Swedish Association for Sexuality Education (RFSU), 126
Symon, Karel, 117
Syria, medical professionals in, 53
Taylor, Carl, Rockefeller Foundation, 284
Ten-Year Public Health Program, Latin America, 174
Terris, Milton, 64
Testa, Mario, 75
the 1930s. Since 1999, Ghana’s Community-Based Health Planning (CHPS), 274–276
Theunissen, W. F., 96–97, 99
Timmermann, Carsten, 6, 20, 122
tobacco policies (WHO), 140
Toverud, Kirsten Utheim, 124
traditional medicine, 49, 203, 204, 207, 208, 281
transepistemic arenas (Knorr-Cetina), 218, 222, 235
Tricontinental Conference (1966), Cuba, 309
Trouillot, Michel-Rolph, 301, 302
tuberculosis in Black communities, US, 154
Tunisia, 50, 51, 52
typhus epidemic, Upper Silesia, 24
UCLA, US, 165
UCSF, US, 161n89, 165
UK. See Britain
UNC (University of North Carolina), 162–163, 199, 200
United Nations (UN), 139, 227, 309, 315
United Progressive Alliance, 293
United States (US)
academic institutions, 156, 161–163, 161n89, 164, 165n112, 165n115
Alliance for Progress, 71, 72, 174
AMA, 120, 156
Black social theorists, 151–153, 160
Cold War era and socialized medicine, 9, 120, 143, 153–157, 156
community health care, 157–160
Cuban aid to, 307–308, 314
historiography of social medicine, 62–63, 144, 145
international projects, 169, 215, 283–285, 288, 313, 314
Navajo Reservation, 154, 160
PAHO, 10, 71, 168, 170, 173–179, 183, 225
preventive medicine, 144–148, 156, 161
social justice movements, 158, 159, 215, 315
and Soviet Union, 147
Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), 219
Upper Silesia, 22n4, 23, 24–29, 25, 27
urban health, Australia, 246
USSR. See Soviet Union
vaccines, 210–211
Valóság, journal, 118
Vanguardia Médica, Chile, 66, 67, 68, 69
Vargas dictatorship, Brazil, 220
Vargha, Dora, 8, 106
Venezuela, 71, 310, 311, 315, 316
Vieira-da-Silva, Ligia Maria “Jules Guérin,”41, 42, 219, 235
Viel, Benjamin, 73
Vietnam. See French Indochina
Vilakazi, Mkhulu (PCHC community), 190–191, 200
village doctors. See barefoot doctors, China
Villareal, Ramon (PALTEX/BIREME), 183
Virchow, Rudolf
“decentred,”4, 6, 21, 39
influence of, 33, 63–65, 147, 157
and Pavlov, 112, 113
political career, 21, 23–24, 26, 29–33, 36, 38
portraits of, 23, 33
social medicine views, 3–4, 5, 20, 35, 47
and typhus epidemic, Upper Silesia, 24, 26–29
Virchows Archiv (journal), 23, 32
Volta Redonda steel mill, Brazil, 220
von Behring, Emil, 35
Waddy, B. B. (MFUs), 265
Waitzkin, Howard, 64
Weindling, Paul, 16n13
Weinerman, Richard and Shirley, Social Medicine in Eastern Europe, 119
Welch, William Henry, 145
white, 240
Whitlam, Gough, prime minister of Australia, 251, 253
WHO. See World Health Organization (WHO)
Williams, David, Detroit Area Study, 160
Williams, Rebecca, 284
Winter, Kurt, 22n4
Witwaterswand University, South Africa, 187n5
women physicians, 50–53, 52, 56–57, 304
women’s health
Arab world, 50, 52, 56, 57
Australia, 252
Indian subcontinent, 286, 289
Scandinavia, 123, 124, 134, 137
workers’ rights, Brazil, 221
World Bank, 273–274, 293, 294
World Commission on Environment and Development (UN), 139–140
World Health Assembly, 215
World Health Organization (WHO)
creation of, 128, 137, 151
global health programs, 4, 138n80, 251, 316, 319
policies, 140
reports, 17, 215
World War II (WWII), impact on Eastern Europe, 107–109, 114
Young Lords, activist group, 159
Zanele (PCHC health worker), 190
Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, US, 165, 165n115
Zylberman, Patrick, 107

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  • Index
  • Edited by Ann Kveim Lie, University of Oslo, Jeremy A. Greene, Johns Hopkins University, Warwick Anderson, University of Sydney
  • Book: Medicine on a Larger Scale
  • Online publication: 05 May 2025
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009428514.019
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  • Index
  • Edited by Ann Kveim Lie, University of Oslo, Jeremy A. Greene, Johns Hopkins University, Warwick Anderson, University of Sydney
  • Book: Medicine on a Larger Scale
  • Online publication: 05 May 2025
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009428514.019
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  • Index
  • Edited by Ann Kveim Lie, University of Oslo, Jeremy A. Greene, Johns Hopkins University, Warwick Anderson, University of Sydney
  • Book: Medicine on a Larger Scale
  • Online publication: 05 May 2025
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009428514.019
Available formats
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