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Appendix II

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 April 2025

George Tsebelis
George Tsebelis
Affiliation:
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
Type
Chapter
Information
Changing the Rules
Constitutional Amendments in Democracies
 , pp. 266 - 276
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2025
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BYCreative Common License - NC
This content is Open Access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence CC-BY-NC 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/cclicenses/

Appendix II

OECDVP rigidity formulaEuclidean distance for ||lower-upper||VP rigidity with Eucli-dean distance for ||lower-upper||Relevant articles
Albania02/3 + e (all members)0.677177
Argentina02/3 (lower) + 2/3 × ||lower-upper|| + 0.5 (convention)0.1651.27730
Armenia02/3 parl.0.67202–208
Australia10.5 (lower) + 0.5 × ||lower-upper|| + 0.5 (ref.) + e (maj. of states’ voters)0.1651.093128
Austria12/30.2510.66744 but also 42–45
Belgium12/3 (lower) + 2/3 ||lower-upper|| + e (2/3 present)0.0450.70746, 77, 195–77, 198
Benin03/4 + 0.5 (ref.) – e (other route) + e (all members)1.25154–156
Bhutan03/4 of parl. + 0.5 – e (king or ref.)1.242, 33–35
Bolivia02/3 + 0.5 (ref.)0.0541.167411
Botswana02/30.66788–89
Brazil03/5 (lower) + 3/5 ||lower-upper|| + e (two rounds)0.1530.70260
Bulgaria03/4 + e (3 ballots) – e (alt route: 2/3 2x) + e (all members for maj.) + e (at least 2 months before discussion)0.77153–163
Burundi04/5 (lower) + 4/5 ||lower-upper|| – e (alt route: pres. can send to ref.) + e (abs. maj. to initiate amendment) + e (all members for maj.)0.3751.11297–300
OECDVP rigidity formulaEuclidean distance for ||lower-upper||VP rigidity with Eucli-dean distance for ||lower-upper||Relevant articles
Canada10.5 + 2/3 + e (50% pop. representation) – e (alt: instead of senate, pass 2x in house > 180 days apart)0.4011.16735, 38–49, 52
Cape Verde02/3 members – e (pres. cannot refuse to prom.) + e (all members for maj.)0.667173, 179, 309–315
Chile13/5 (lower) + 3/5 ||lower-upper|| + 0.5 (pres.) – e (can override pres.) + e (all members for maj.)0.151.19127–129
Colombia00.5 (lower) + 0.5 ||lower-upper|| + e (two discussions) – e (alt: can do constituent assembly) – e (alt: ref.)0.0920.536155, 374–379
Comoros02/3 + 2/3 (councils) – e (alt: councils or ref.) + e (all members for maj.)1.33342
Costa Rica02/3 + e (multiple debates and delays) + 0.5 (pres.) + e (all members for maj.)1.187195–196
Croatia02/3 + e (maj. vote to decide yes/no on amendment) + e (maj. draft approval) + e (all members for maj.)0.69787, 147–150
Cyprus02/3 (turkish community) + 2/3 (greek community) + e (all members for maj.)1.343182
OECDVP rigidity formulaEuclidean distance for ||lower-upper||VP rigidity with Eucli-dean distance for ||lower-upper||Relevant articles
Czech Republic13/5 (lower) + 3/5 ||lower-upper|| + e (all members for maj.)0.4610.8879, 39, 41, 62, Appendix B #8
Denmark10.5 + 0.5 (post-election) + 0.5 (ref.) + e (40% voters say yes)1.5188
Dominican Republic02/3 + e (maj. in both houses) + e (two chambers) + e (maj. present in both houses for joint session)0.5510.69793, 99, 120, 267–272
East Timor02/3 + e (120 days advance notice for proposals)0.677154–157
Ecuador02/3 (of NA) + (0.5 ref.) + e (time)1.1884, 103, 106, 120, 441–444
El Salvador02/3 + e (agreement by 0.5 + 1 members for proposal)0.677246, 248
Estonia13/5 (parl.) + 0.5 (ref.) + e (time between 3 readings) + e (3 readings) + e (all members for maj.) – e (alt) – e (alt)1.1178, 161–168
Finland10.5 (first vote) + 2/3 (second vote, post elections) – e (alt)1.15773, 94, 95
France10.5 (lower) + 0.5 ||lower-upper|| + 0.5 (ref) + e (time for bill consideration: tabling delays) – e (alt path)0.1711.08642, 89
Georgia02/3 + e (amendment suggestion needs 50% of members) + e (delay for discussion after draft pub.) + e (all members for maj.)0.69768.4, 102, 103
German Federal Republic12/3 (lower) + 2/3 ||lower-upper|| + e (all members for maj.)0.2810.86479
Ghana02/3 + e (pub. 2x in gazette, 3 months apart) + e (3 readings) + e (2/3 at second AND third reading) + e (all members for maj.)0.707289–292
OECDVP rigidity formulaEuclidean distance for ||lower-upper||VP rigidity with Eucli-dean distance for ||lower-upper||Relevant articles
Greece10.5 (first vote) + 3/5 (second vote after elections) – e (alt path for revisions: 3/5 + 0.51) + e (two rounds of votes in first round [mult. Readings])1.1110
Guatemala02/3 + 0.5 + e (all members for maj.)1.177173, 277–281
Guyana0Maj. + ref. + e (2–6 months to submit to ref.) – e (alt route: 2/3)166, 164
Honduras02/3 + e (all members for maj.) + e (ratify in subsequent session)0.6875, 218, 373, 374
Hungary12/3 + e (all members for maj.)0.677s, 1.2, 8.3
Iceland10.5 (first vote) + 0.5 (second vote, post elections) + e (pres. confirms)1.0179
India00.5 (lower) + 0.5 ||lower-upper|| + e (2/3 members present)0.0990.56368
Indonesia00.5 (lower) + 0.5 ||lower-upper|| + e (2/3 members present)00.5137
Ireland10.5 (lower) + 0.5 ||lower-upper|| + 0.5 (ref.)0.171.08546–47
Italy/Sardinia10.5 (lower) + 0.5 ||lower-upper|| + e (two debates) + e (time: 3 months between debates) + 0.5 (ref.) – e (alt route: 2/3, no ref.)0.171.095138 (referendum Art. 75)
OECDVP rigidity formulaEuclidean distance for ||lower-upper||VP rigidity with Eucli-dean distance for ||lower-upper||Relevant articles
Israel10.5 (lower house)0.5
Jamaica00.5 (lower) + 0.50 ||lower-upper|| + e (all members for maj.) + e (wait 3 months for debate)0.0240.53249
Japan12/3 (lower) + 2/3 ||lower-upper|| + 0.5 (ref.) + e (all members for maj.)0.2081.31596
Kenya02/3 (lower) + 2/3 ||lower-upper|| + e (3 readings) + e (certificate) + e (all members for maj.)0.040.72394.3, 255, 256, 257
Korea, Republic of12/3 + 0.5 (ref.) + e (maj. to introduce amendment) + e (delay of 20 days to consider amendments) + e (all members for maj.)1.197128–130
Kyrgyz Republic02/3 + e (time: 6 months or less to adopt amendments after proposal) + e (3 readings) + e (2 months between readings) + e (all members for maj.)0.70774.2, 97.6, 114
Latvia12/3 + e (2/3 present) + e (3 readings)0.68776–79
Lebanon02/3 + e (time: 4 months) + e (all members for maj.)0.68765, 76–79
Lesotho00.5 (lower) + 0.5 ||lower-upper|| + 0.5 (ref.) + e (time: limit for holding ref.) – e (alt: 2/3)0185
Liberia02/3 (lower) + 2/3 ||lower-upper|| + 2/3 (ref.) + e (2/3 approval for ref.) + e (time: 1 year wait for ref.) + e (all members for maj.)0.191.4987, 91–93
Lithuania12/3 + e (time: 1-month delay) + e (signs and promulgates) + e (all members for maj.)0.69767, 147, 148, 149
OECDVP rigidity formulaEuclidean distance for ||lower-upper||VP rigidity with Eucli-dean distance for ||lower-upper||Relevant articles
Luxembourg12/3 + e (two rounds of votes) + e (3 months between votes) – e (can substitute ref. for second round of voting) + e (all members for maj.)0.687114
Macedonia (Former Yugoslav Republic of)02/3 + e (second round of voting: need maj.) + e (all members for maj.)0.687129–131, amend. 18
Malawi02/3 + e (all members for maj.)0.677195–197, schedule
Malaysia02/3 (lower) + 2/3 ||lower-upper|| + e (3 readings) + e (all members for maj.)0.390.947159, 161e
Mali02/3 (NA) + 0.5 (ref.)1.17118
Mauritius02/3 + e (all members for maj.)0.67746–47
Mexico12/3 (lower) + 2/3 ||lower-upper|| + 0.5 (states) – e (half members for maj.)0.0831.212135
Moldova02/3 + e (6 months between initiative and passage) + e (all members for maj.)0.68763, 141–143
Mongolia03/4 + e (all members for maj.)0.7626, 68–70
Montenegro02/3 + e (public hearing [1 month+]) + e (two votes of 2/3) + e (all members for maj.)0.697155–157
OECDVP rigidity formulaEuclidean distance for ||lower-upper||VP rigidity with Eucli-dean distance for ||lower-upper||Relevant articles
Mozambique02/3 NA0.67291, 292, 295
Namibia02/3 (lower) + 2/3 ||lower-upper|| – e (alt route: ref. if second chamber does not approve) + e (all members for maj.)0.210.807131, 132
Nepal02/3 + e (all members for maj.)0.677148
Netherlands11/2 (lower) + 1/2 ||lower-upper|| + 2/3 (lower) + 2/3 ||lower-upper||0.1241.312137–142
New Zealand1Maj.0.5See text at right
Nicaragua03/5 + e (commission)0.61141, 191–195
Niger03/4 + 0.5 (ref.) – e (alt: 4/5)1.24173–175
Norway12/3 + e (previous proposal)0.677112
Pakistan02/3 + 1/3 ||lower-upper|| + e (all members for maj.)0.5130.848238, 239
Panama0Maj. (abs.) + maj. (abs., second) + e (gazette) + e (3 readings) – e (alt)1.01313–314
Papua New Guinea02/3 parl. + e (time)0.6813, 14
Paraguay00.5 (lower) + 0.5 ||lower-upper|| + 0.5 (ref.) + e (180 days to call ref.)0.1841.102289–290
Peru0Abs. maj. + 0.5 ref. – e (alt: 2/3)0.9932, 101.4, 206
Philippines03/4 (lower) + 3/8 ||lower-upper|| + 0.5 (pleb.) + e (60–90 days to hold pleb.) – e (alt: constitutional convention) – e (initiative)0.4111.39417
Poland12/3 (lower) + 2/3 ||lower-upper|| + e (adopt twice) + e (60 days to adopt second time)0.2120.828235
Portugal12/3 + e (all members for maj.)0.677284–289
OECDVP rigidity formulaEuclidean distance for ||lower-upper||VP rigidity with Eucli-dean distance for ||lower-upper||Relevant articles
Romania02/3 (lower) + 2/3 ||lower-upper|| + 0.5 (ref.) – e (alt: 3/4 joint session) + e (all members for maj.)0.1241.249150–152
Senegal00.5 (lower) + 0.5 (ref.) – e (alt: 3/5) + e (second chamber)171, 103
Sierra Leone02/3 + e (publish in ≥ 2 issues of gazette, at least 9 days apart) + e (3 readings) + e (all members for maj.)0.697108
Slovakia13/5 + e (all members for maj.)0.6184.4, 152.1
Slovenia12/3 + e (2/3 approval of proposal) + e (all members for maj.)0.687168–171
Solomon Islands02/3 + e (two readings) + e (give bill to speaker 4 weeks in advance) + e (all members for maj.)0.69761
Somalia02/3 of both chambers + e (committee) + 0.5 ref.1.1757, 63, 71
South Africa02/3 + e (30 days before bill publish in gazette) + e (submit to provincial legislatures) + e (submit comments to speaker) + e (wait 30 days for introducing or tabling) + e (all members for maj.)0.0480.71774
OECDVP rigidity formulaEuclidean distance for ||lower-upper||VP rigidity with Eucli-dean distance for ||lower-upper||Relevant articles
Spain13/5 (lower) + 3/5 ||lower-upper|| – e (alt: joint session) – e (alt: can pass 2/3 in the lower house and maj. in upper) + e (all members for maj.)0.0960.657675, 87, 166–169
Surinam02/3 NA0.66772, 83, 181(2)
Sweden10.5 (first vote) + 0.5 (second vote) + e (9-month delay between two votes) – e (alt: abs. maj. + ref.) – e (alt: 3/4 with maj. present)0.998.5.14–17, 8.8.21
Switzerland10.5 (people) + 0.5 (cantons) – e (alt: parl. route)0.2390.994.2.138, 4.2.139, 4.2.140, 4.2.142, 6.1.192–195
Taiwan before 200003/4 + e (3/4 present) – e (alt procedure)0.75Additional articles to the Constitution of the Republic of China (Fourth Revision); Art. 27 and 174 of the Constitution
Taiwan after 200003/4 + 0.5 + e (ref. turnout) + e (3/4 present)1.27Additional Article 12 (replaces 174) (previously discussed in Art. 27, 30, 174, additional Art. 1)
Thailand00.5 (lower) + 0.5 ||lower-upper|| + e (maj. of all members) + e (3 readings) + e (15-day delay between second and third readings)00.53291
OECDVP rigidity formulaEuclidean distance for ||lower-upper||VP rigidity with Eucli-dean distance for ||lower-upper||Relevant articles
Trinidad And Tobago02/3 (lower) + 2/3 ||lower-upper|| + e (all members for maj.)0.370.92318.4, 54
Tunisia01/2 pres. + 2/3 (assembly) + e (initial approval by maj.) – e (alt route)1.16776–78
Turkey before 198712/3 + 0.5 (pres.) + e (two rounds of debate) + e (all members for maj.)1.19
Turkey after 198713/5 + 0.5 (pres.) + e (two rounds of debate) + e (all members for maj.) – e (alt: 2/3)1.11
Ukraine02/3 + e (maj. approval in previous round) + e (all members for maj.)0.687154–159
United Kingdom before 191100.5 (lower) + 0.5 ||lower-upper||0.5510.776
United Kingdom after 191110.5 (maj. in LH)0.5
Uruguay00.5 (ref.)0.0350.5331
USA12/3 (lower) + 2/3 ||lower-upper|| + 3/4 – e (alt) – e (alt) + e (all members for maj.)0.1231.4895
Yugoslavia (Serbia)02/3 + e (all members for maj.)0.677203–205 + AD97
Zambia02/3 + e (public in gazette) + e (3 readings) + e (all members for maj.)0.69779

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  • Appendix II
  • George Tsebelis, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
  • Book: Changing the Rules
  • Online publication: 24 April 2025
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009597234.014
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  • Appendix II
  • George Tsebelis, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
  • Book: Changing the Rules
  • Online publication: 24 April 2025
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009597234.014
Available formats
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  • Appendix II
  • George Tsebelis, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
  • Book: Changing the Rules
  • Online publication: 24 April 2025
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009597234.014
Available formats
×