Hostname: page-component-7b9c58cd5d-wdhn8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-03-15T00:16:01.028Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Dietary modulation of gut microflora in broiler chickens: a review of the role of six kinds of alternatives to in-feed antibiotics

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 March 2009

Y. YANG ,
P.A. IJI  and
M. CHOCT
Y. YANG
Affiliation:
School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale NSW 2351, Australia
P.A. IJI
Affiliation:
School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale NSW 2351, Australia
M. CHOCT*
Affiliation:
School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale NSW 2351, Australia
*
Corresponding author: [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

Since in-feed antibiotics (IFAs) are being taken out of broiler diets around the world, beginning in Sweden in the year 1986, the search for alternatives to replace IFAs has gained increasing interest in animal nutrition. Gut microflora appears to be the target for IFAs and alternatives to exert health benefits and some growth-promoting effects. In this review the effect of six kinds of alternatives to IFAs on gut microflora is discussed and their working mechanisms and growth-promoting effects are reviewed. This review focuses on mannanoligosaccharides (MOS) as alternative to antibiotics using research results obtained by various authors in recent years.

Keywords

alternatives to in-feed antibioticsfibre-degrading enzymesprebioticsprobioticsmannanoligosaccharidessymbioticsphytobioticsgut microflora
Type
Review Article
Information
World's Poultry Science Journal , Volume 65 , Issue 1 , March 2009 , pp. 97 - 114
Copyright
Copyright © World's Poultry Science Association 2009

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

ACAMOVIC, T. (2001) Commercial application of enzyme technology for poultry production. World's Poultry Science Journal 57: 225- 242.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ALLEN, P.C., LYDON, J. and DANFORTH, H. (1997) Effects of components of Artemisia annua on coccidia infections in chickens. Poultry Science 76: 1156-1163.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
BAILEY, J.S., BLANKENSHIP, L.C. and COX, N.A. (1991) Effect of fructo-oligosaccharide on Salmonella colonization of the chicken intestine. Poultry Science 70: 2433-2438.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
BARROW, P.A. (1992) Probiotics for chickens, in: R. FULLER (Ed.) Probiotics: The scientific basis, pp. 255-257 (Chapman and Hall, London).Google Scholar
BEDFORD, M. (2000) Removal of antibiotic growth promoters from poultry diets: implications and strategies to minimise subsequent problems. World's Poultry Science Journal 56: 347-365.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
BEDFORD, M.R. (2001) The role of carbohydrases in feedstuff digestion, in: MCNAB, J. & BOORMAN, K.N. (Eds) Poultry feedstuffs: Supply, composition, and nutritive value, pp. 319-336 (CAB international, Edinburgh, UK).Google Scholar
BENGMARK, S. (2001) Pre-, pro- and symbiotics. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care 4: 571-579.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
BIGGS, P., PARSONS, C.M. and FAHEY, G.C. (2007) Effects of Several Oligosaccharides on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibilities, and Caecal Microbial Populations in Young Chicks. Poultry Science 86: 2327-2336.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
BLANKENSHIP, L.C., BAILEY, J.S., COX, N.A., STERN, N.J., BREWER, R. and WILLIAMS, O. (1993) Two-step mucosal competitive exclusion flora treatment to diminish Salmonella in commercial broiler chickens. Poultry Science 72: 1667-1762.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
BOLDER, N.M., VAN LITH, L.A.J.T., PUTIRULAN, F.F., JACOBS-REITSMA, W.F. and MULDER, R.W.A.W. (1992) Prevention of colonization by Salmonella enteritidis PT4 in broiler chickens. International journal of food microbiology 15: 313-317.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
BOTSOGLOU, N.A., FLOROU-PANER, P., CHRISTAKI, E., FLETOURIS, D.J. and SPAIS, A.B. (2002) Effect of dietary oregano essential oil on performance of chickens and on iron-induced lipid oxidation of breast, thigh and abdominal fat tissues. British Poultry Science 43: 223-230.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
BROZ, J. and BEARDSWORTH, P. (2002) Recent trends and future developments in the use of feed enzymes in poultry nutrition, in: MCNAB, J. & BOORMAN, K.N. (Eds) Poultry feedstuffs: Supply, composition and nutritive value, pp. 345-361 (CAB international, Edinburgh, UK).Google Scholar
CAVAZZONI, V., ADAMI, A. and CASTROVILLI, C. (1998) Performance of broiler chickens supplemented with Bacillus coagulans as probiotic. British Poultry Science 39: 526-529.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
CHOCT, M. (2006) Enzymes for the feed industry: Past, present and future. World's Poultry Science Journal 62: 5-15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
CHOCT, M. and ANNISON, G. (1992) The inhibition of nutrient digestion by wheat pentosans. British Journal of Nutrition 67:123.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
CHRISTAKIA, E., FLOROU-PANERIA, P., GIANNENASA, I., PAPAZAHARIADOUB, M., BOTSOGLOUA, N.A. and SPAISA, A.B. (2004) Effect of a mixture of herbal extracts on broiler chickens infected with Eimeria tenella. Animal Research 53: 137-144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
CLARKSON, K., JONES, B., BOTT, R., BOWER, B., CHOTANI, G. and BECKER, T. (2001) Enzymes: screening, expression, design and production, in: BEDFORD, M.R. (Ed.) Enzymes in farm animal nutrition, pp. 315-352 (CABI, Wiltshire).Google Scholar
COLLINS, M.D. and GIBSON, G.R. (1999) Probiotics, prebiotics, and symbiotics: approaches for modulating the microbial ecology of the gut. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 69: 1052S-1057S.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
COWAN, M.M. (1999) Plant products as antimicrobial agents. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 12: 564-582.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
CROSS, D.E., MCDEVITT, R.M., HILLMAN, K. and ACAMOVIC, T. (2007) The effect of herbs and their associated essential oils on performance, dietary digestibility and gut microflora in chickens from 7 to 28 days of age. British Poultry Science 48: 496-506.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DALLOUL, R.A., LILLEHOJ, H.S., SHELLEM, T.A. and DOERR, J.A. (2003) Enhanced mucosal immunity against Eimeria acervulina in broilers fed a Lactobacillus-based probiotic. Poultry Science 82: 62-66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DANICKE, S., VAHJEN, W., SIMON, O. and JEROCH, H. (1999) Effects of dietary fat type and xylanase supplementation to rye-based broiler diets on selected bacterial groups adhering to the intestinal epithelium, on transit time of feed, and on nutrient digestibility. Poultry Science 78: 1292-1299.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DECROOS, K., VERCAUTEREN, T., WERQUIN, G. and VERSTRAETE, W. (2004) Repression of Clostridium population in young broiler chickens after administration of a probiotic mixture. Communications in agricultural and applied biological sciences 69: 5-13.Google ScholarPubMed
DIBNER, J.J. and RICHARDS, J.D. (2005) Antibiotic growth promoters in agriculture: History and mode of action. Poultry Science 84: 634-643.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DROLESKEY, R.E., OYOFO, B.A., HARGIS, B.M., CORRIER, D.E. and DELOACH, J.R. (1994) Effect of mannose on Salmonella typhimurium-mediated loss of mucosal epithelial integrity in cultured chick intestinal segments. Avian Diseases 38: 275-281.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DUGAS, B., MERCENIER, A., LENOIR-WIJNKOOP, I., ARNAUD, C., DUGAS, N. and POSTAIRE, E. (1999) Immunity and prebiotics. Immunology Today 20: 387-390.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DUGUID, J.P., DAREKAR, M.R. and WHEATER, D.W. (1976) Fimbriae and infectivity in Salmonella typhimurium. Journal of Medical Microbiology 9: 459-473.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
EDENS, F.W. (2003) An alternative for antibiotic use in poultry: probiotics. Review. Brasilian Cienc. Aviculture 5: 75-97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ERTAS, O.N., GÜLER, T., ÇIFTÇI, M., DALKILIÇ, B. and SIMSEK, Ü.G. (2005) The effect of an essential oil mix derived from oregano, clove and anise on broiler performance. International Journal of Poultry Science 4: 879-884.Google Scholar
FARIA FILHO, D.E., TORRES, K.A.A., FARIA, D.E., CAMPOS, D.M.B. and ROSA, P.S. (2006) Probiotics for broiler chickens in Brazil: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science 8:89-98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
FERKET, P.R. (1993) Practical use of feed enzyme for turkeys and broilers. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 2: 75-81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
FERKET, P.R. (2004) Alternatives to antibiotics in poultry production: responses, practical experience and recommendations. Nutritional biotechnology in the feed and food industries: Proceedings of Alltech's 20th Annual Symposium, Kentucky, USA, 56-67.Google Scholar
FERKET, P.R., PARKS, C.W. and GRIMES, J.L. (2002) Mannan oligosaccharides versus antibiotics for turkeys. Nutritional biotechnology in the feed and food industries: Proceedings of Alltech's 18th Annual Symposium, Kentucky, USA, 43-64.Google Scholar
FERNANDEZ, F., HINTON, M. and VAN GILS, B. (2000) Evaluation of the effect of mannan-oligosaccharides on the competitive exclusion of Salmonella enteritidis colonization in broiler chicks. Avian Pathology 29: 575-581.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
FERNANDEZ, F., HINTON, M. and VAN GILS, B. (2002) Dietary mannan-oligosaccharides and their effect on chicken caecal microflora in relation to Salmonella enteritidis colonization. Avian Pathology 31: 49-58.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
FUKATA, T., SASAI, K., MIYAMOTO, T. and BABA, E. (1999) Inhibitory effects of competitive exclusion and fructo-oligosaccharide, singly and in combination, on Salmonella colonization of chicks. Journal of Food Protection 62: 229-233.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
FULLER, R. (1989) Probiotics in man and animals. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 66: 365-378.Google Scholar
GAO, Y. and SHAN, A.-S. (2004) Effects of different oligosaccharides on performance and availability of nutrients in broilers. Journal of Northeast Agricultural University 11: 37-41.Google Scholar
GARCIA, V., CATALA-GREGORI, P., HERNANDEZ, F., MEGIAS, M.D. and MADRID, J. (2007) Effect of formic acid and plant extracts on growth, nutrient digestibility, intestine mucosa morphology, and meat yield of broilers. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 16: 555-562.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
GAUTHIER, R. (2002) (XVIII Congreso Lantioamericano de Avicultura) (2002) Poultry Therapeutics: New alternatives. Accessed in 2006. http://www.jefo.ca/pdf/ALA2003_en.pdf.Google Scholar
GHADBAN, G.S. (2002) Probiotics in broiler production - a review. Archiv für Geflügelkunde 66: 49-58.Google Scholar
GIANNENAS, I., FLOROU-PANERI, P., PAPAZAHARIADOU, M., CHRISTAKI, E., BOTSOGLOU, N.A. and SPAIS, A.B. (2003) Effect of dietary supplementation with oregano essential oil on performance of broilers after experimental infection with Eimeria tenella. Archives of Animal Nutrition 57: 99-106.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
GIBSON, G.R. and ROBERFROID, M. (1995) Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: introducing the concept of prebiotics. Journal of Nutrition 125: 1401-1412.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
GOREN, E., DE JONG, W.A., DOORNENBAL, P., BOLDER, N.M., MULDER, R.W.A.W. and JANSEN, A. (1988) Reduction of Salmonella infection of broilers by spray application of intestinal microflora: a longitudinal study. The Veterinary Quarterly 10: 249-255.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
GUO, F.C., KWAKKEL, R.P. and WILLIAMS, B.A. ET AL. (2004a) Effects of mushroom and herb polysaccharides, as alternatives for an antibiotic, on growth performance of broilers. British Poultry Science 45: 684-694.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
GUO, F.C., KWAKKEL, R.P. and WILLIAMS, B.A. ET AL. (2004c) Effects of mushroom and herb polysaccharides on cellular and humoral immune responses of Eimeria tenella-infected chickens. Poultry Science 83: 1124-1132.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
GUO, F.C., WILLIAMS, B.A., KWAKKEL, R.P. and LI, ET AL. (2004b) Effects of mushroom and herb polysaccharides, as alternatives for an antibiotic, on the caecal microbial ecosystem in broiler chickens. Poultry Science 83: 175-182.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
HAVENAAR, R. and HUIS IN ’T VELD, M.J.H. (1992) Probiotics: a general view, in: WOOD, B.J.B. (Ed.) Lactic acid bacteria, Vol. 1. pp. 151-170 (Elsevier Applied Science Publishers, Amsterdam).Google Scholar
HERNANDEZ, F., MADRID, J., GARCIA, V., ORENGO, J. and MEGIAS, M.D. (2004) Influence of two plant extracts on broiler performance, digestibility and digestive organ size. Poultry Science 83: 169-174.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
HIGGINS, J.P., HIGGINS, S.E., VICENTE, J.L., WOLFENDEN, A.D., TELLEZ, G. and HARGIS, B.M. (2007) Temporal effects of lactic acid bacteria probiotic culture on salmonella in neonatal broilers. Poultry Science 86: 1662-1666.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
HINTON, M., MEAD, G.C. and IMPEY, C.S. (1991) Protection of chicks against environmental challenge with Salmonella enteritidis by "competitive exclusion" and acid treated feed. Letters In Applied Microbiology 12: 69-71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
HOOGE, D. (2004a) Meta-analysis of broiler chicken pen trials evaluating dietary mannan oligosaccharide, 1993-2003. International Journal of Poultry Science 3: 163-174.Google Scholar
HOOGE, D. (2004b) Dietary alternatives for improving live performance of antibiotic-free poultry. Accessed in 2006. www.feedinfo.com.Google Scholar
HUANG, M.K., CHOI, Y.J., HOUDE, R., LEE, J.W., LEE, B. and ZHAO, X. (2004) Effects of Lactobacilli and an acidophilic fungus on the production performance and immune responses in broiler chickens. Poultry Science 83: 788-95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
HUANG, R.L., YIN, Y.L. and LI, M. X. ET AL. (2007) Dietary oligochitosan supplementation enhances immune status of broilers. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 87: 153-159.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
HUANG, R.L., YIN, Y.L., WU, G.Y., ZHANG, Y.G., LI, T.J., LI, L.L., LI, M.X., TANG, Z.R., ZHANG, J., WANG, B., HE, J.H. and NIE, X.Z. (2005) Effect of dietary oligochitosan supplementation on ileal digestibility of nutrients and performance in broilers. Poultry Science 84: 1383-1388.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
HUBENER, K., VAHJEN, W. and SIMON, O. (2002) Bacterial responses to different dietary cereal types and xylanase supplementation in the intestine of broiler chicken. Archives of Animal Nutrition 56: 167-187.Google ScholarPubMed
IJI, P.A., SAKI, A.A. and TIVEY, D.R. (2001) Intestinal structure and function of broiler chickens on diets supplemented with a mannan oligosaccharide. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 81: 1186-1192.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
JAMROZ, D., ORDA, J., KAMEL, C., WILICZKIEWICZ, A., WERTELECKI, T. and SKORUPINSKA, J. (2003) The influence of phytogenic extracts on performance, nutrient digestibility, carcass characteristics, and gut microbial status in broiler chickens. Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences 12: 583-596.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
JAMROZ, D., WILICZKIEWICZ, A., ORDA, J., WERTELECKI, T. and SKORUPINSKA, J. (2004) (Electronic Journal of Polish Agricultural Universities) Response of broiler chickens to the diets supplemented with feeding antibiotic or mannanoligosaccharides. Accessed in 2006. http://www.ejpau.media.pl/volume7/issue2/animal/art-06.html.Google Scholar
JANG, I.S., KO, Y.H., KANG, S.Y. and LEE, C.Y. (2007) Effect of a commercial essential oil on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and intestinal microflora population in broiler chickens. Animal Feed Science and Technology 134: 304-315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
JIANG, H.Q., GONG, L.M., MA, Y.X., HE, Y.H., LI, D.F. and ZHAI, H.X. (2006) Effect of stachyose supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and caecal fermentation characteristics in broilers. British Poultry Science 47: 516-522.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
JIN, L.Z., HO, Y.W., ABDULLAH, N. and JALALUDIN, S. (1997) Probiotics in poultry: Modes of action. World's Poultry Science Journal 53: 351-368.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
JIN, L.Z., HO, Y.W., ABDULLAH, N. and JALALUDIN, S. (1998b) Growth performance, intestinal microbial populations and serum cholesterol of broilers diets containing Lactobacillus cultures. Poultry Science 77: 1259-1265.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
JIN, L.Z., HO, Y.W., ABDULLAH, N. and JALALUDIN, S. (2000) Digestive and bacterial enzyme activities in broilers fed diets supplemented with Lactobacillus cultures. Poultry Science 79: 886-891.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
JIN, L.Z., HO, Y.W., ABDULLAH, N., ALI, A.M. and JALALUDIN, S. (1998a) Effects of adherent lactobacillus cultures on growth, weight of organs and intestinal microflora and volatile fatty acids in broilers. Animal Feed Science and Technology 70: 197-209.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
KALAVATHY, R., ABDULLAH, N., JALALUDIN, S. and HO, Y.W. (2003) Effects of Lactobacillus cultures on growth performance, abdominal fat deposition, serum lipids and weight of organs of broiler chickens. British Poultry Science 44: 139-144.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
KLASING, K.C., LAURIN, D.E., PENG, R.K. and FRY, M. (1987) Immunologically mediated growth depression in chicks: influence of feed intake, corticosterone and interleukin-1. Journal of Nutrition 117: 1629-1637.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
KLIS, F.M., MOL, P., HELLINGWERF, K. and BRUL, S. (2002) Dynamics of cell wall structure in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEMS Microbiology Reviews 26: 239-247.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
KOCHER, A., RODGERS, N.J. and CHOCT, M. (2004) Efficacy of alternatives to IFAs in broilers challenged with Clostridium perfringens. In: Proceedings of the Australian Poultry Science Symposium 16:130-133.Google Scholar
KOENEN, M.E., KRAMER, J., VAN DER HULST, R., HERES, L., JEURISSEN, S.H.M. and BOERSMA, W.J.A. (2004) Immunomodulation by probiotic lactobacilli in layer- and meat-type chickens. British Poultry Science 45: 355 - 366.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
KUMAR, B.S., VIJAYASARATH, S.K., GOWDA, R.N.S. and SATYANARAYANA, M.L. (2002) Probiotics in the prevention of experimental fowl typhoid in broilers - A pathomorphological study. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 72: 528-531.Google Scholar
KUMPRECHT, I. and ZOBAC, F. (1997) The effect of mannan-oligosaccharides in feed mixtures on the performance of broilers. Zivocisna Vyroba 42: 117-124.Google Scholar
LAN, Y., VERSTEGEN, M.W., TAMMINGA, S. and WILLIAMS, B.A. (2005) The role of the commensal gut microbial community in broiler chickens. World's Poultry Science Journal 61: 95-104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
LEE, K.W., EVERT, H., KAPPERT, H.J., FREHNER, M., LOSA, R. and BEYNEN, A.C. (2003) Effects of dietary essential oil components on growth performance, digestive enzymes and lipid metabolism in female broiler chickens. British Poultry Science 44: 450-457.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
LEE, K.-W., EVERTS, H. and BEYNEN, A.C. (2004a) Essential oils in broiler nutrition. International Journal of Poultry Science 3: 738-752.Google Scholar
LEE, K.-W., EVERTS, H., KAPPERT, H.J., VAN DER KUILEN, J., LEMMENS, A.G., FREHNER, M. and BEYNEN, A.C. (2004b) Growth performance, intestinal viscosity, fat digestibility and plasma cholesterol in broiler chickens fed a rye-containing diet without or with essential oil components. International Journal of Poultry Science 3: 613-618.Google Scholar
LI, X., LIU, L.Q. and XU, C.L. (2008) Effects of supplementation of fructo-oligosaccharide and/or Bacillus Subtilis to diets on performance and intestinal microflora in broilers. Archiv für Tierzucht 51: 64-70.Google Scholar
LIU, J.R., LAI, S.F. and YU, B. (2007) Evaluation of an intestinal Lactobacillus reuteri strain expressing rumen fungal xylanase as a probiotic for broiler chickens fed on a wheat-based diet. British Poultry Science 48: 507-514.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
LODDI, M.M., MORAES, V.M.B., NAKAGHI, L.S.O., TUCCI, F.M., HANNAS, M.I., ARIKI, J. and BRUNO, L.D.G. (2002) Mannanoligosaccharide and organic acids on intestinal morphology integrity of broilers evaluated by scanning electron microscopy. Proceeding 11th European Poultry Science Conference, Bremen, Germany, p.121.Google Scholar
LYONS, T.P. (1994) Biotechnology in the feed industry: 1994 and beyond: A panorama of techniques, processes and products to address animal production problems today and tomorrow. Biotechnology in the feed industry: Proceedings of Alltech's 10th Annual Symposium, Kentucky, USA, 1-50.Google Scholar
MCCRACKEN, V.J. and GASKINS, R.T. (1999) Probiotics and the immune system, in: TANNOCK, G.W. (Ed.) Probiotics: A Critical Review, pp. 85-111 (Horizon Scientific Presss, Wymondham, UK).Google Scholar
MITSCH, P., KOHLER, B., GABLER, C., LOSA, R. and ZITTERL-EGLSEER, K. (2002) CRINA poultry reduces colonisation and proliferation of Clostridium perfringens in the intestine and faeces of broiler chickens. Abstracts from the Eleventh European Poultry Conference, pp. 06-10, Bremen, Germany.Google Scholar
MOHAN, B., KADIRVEL, R., NATARAJAN, A. and BHASKARAN, M. (1996) Effect of probiotic supplementation on growth, nitrogen utilization and serum cholesterol in broilers. British Poultry Science 37: 395-401.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MORROW, C. (2001) Solving the problems of necrotic enteritis. British Poultry Science 42: S64-S67.Google Scholar
MOUNTZOURIS, K.C., TSIRTSIKOS, P., KALAMARA, E., NITSCH, S., SCHATZMAYR, G. and FEGEROS, K. (2007) Evaluation of the efficacy of a probiotic containing Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Enterococcus, and Pediococcus Strains in promoting broiler performance and modulating caecal microflora composition and metabolic activities. Poultry Science 86: 309-317.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MURRY, A.C., HINTON, A.J. and BUHR, R.J. (2006) Effect of botanical probiotic containing Lactobacilli on growth performance and populations of bacteria in the ceca, cloaca, and carcass rinse of broiler chickens. International Journal of Poultry Science 5: 344-350.Google Scholar
NEISH, A.S. (2002) The gut microflora and intestinal epithelial cells: A continuing dialogue. Microbes and Infection, 4: 309-317.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
PANDA, A.K., RAMARAO, S.V., REDDY, M.R. and PRAHARAJ, N.K. (1999) Effect of dietary inclusion of probiotic on growth, carcass traits and immune response in broilers. Indian Journal of Poultry Science 34: 343-346.Google Scholar
PANDA, A.K., REDDY, M.R., RAMARAO, S.V., RAJU, M.V.L.N. and PRAHARAJ, N.K. (2000) Growth, carcass characteristics, immunocompetence and response to Escherichia coli of broilers fed diets with various levels of probiotic. Archive für Geflügelkunde 64: 152-156.Google Scholar
PASCUAL, M., HUGAS, M., BADIOLA, J.I., MONFORT, J.M. and GARRIGA, M. (1999) Lactobacillus salivariu CTC2197 prevents Salmonella enteritidis colonization in chickens. Applied Environmental Microbiology 65: 4981-4986.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
PATTERSON, J.A. and BURKHOLDER, K.M. (2003) Application of prebiotics and probiotics in poultry production. Poultry Science 82: 627-631.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
PRIVULESCU, M. (1999) "Humoral and cellular immune responses to Bio-Mos in piglets." National Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Pasteur Institute, Bucharest, Romania. Report to Alltech 4 pp.Google Scholar
PRIYANKARAGE, N., SILVA, S.S.P., GUNARATNE, S.P., KOTHALAWALA, H., PALLIYAGURU, M.W.C.D. and GUNAWARDANA, G.A. (2003) Efficacy of probiotics and their effects on performance, carcase characteristics, intestinal microflora and Salmonella incidence in broilers. British Poultry Science 44: S26-S27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
RAVINDRAN, V. (2006) Broiler nutrition in New Zealand - Challenges and Strategies. Accessed in 2006. www.feedinfo.com.Google Scholar
ROSEN, G.D. (1995) Antibacterials in poultry and pig nutrition, in: WALLACE, R.J. & CHESSON, A. (Eds) Biotechnology in Animal Feeds and Feeding, pp. 143-172 (Weinheim, Germany).Google Scholar
ROSEN, G.D. (2003) Setting and meeting standards for the replacement of pronutrient antibiotics in poultry. Accessed in 2008. http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/poulsci/conference_proceedings/nutrition_conference/2003/rosen_2003.pdf.Google Scholar
ROSEN, G.D. (2007) Holo-analysis of the efficacy of Bio-Mos® in broiler nutrition. British Poultry Science 48: 21-26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
SAMARASINGHE, K., WENK, C., SILVA, K.F.S.T. and GUNASEKERA, J.M.D.M. (2003) Turmeric (Curcuma longa) root powder and mannanoligosaccharides as alternatives to antibiotics in broiler chicken diets. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 16: 1495-1500.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
SCHREZENMEIR, J. and DE VRESE, M. (2001) Probiotics, prebiotics, and symbiotics—approaching a definition. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 73: 361S-364S.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
SHAFEY, T.M., AL-MUFAREJ, S., SHALABY, M.I. and JARELNABI, A.J. (2001b) Effects of mannan oligosaccharides on antibody response to infectious bronchitis, infectious bursal disease and newcastle disease in chickens. Journal of Applied Animal Research 19: 117-127.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
SHAFEY, T.M., AL-MUFAREJ, S., SHALABY, M.I. and JARLENABI, A.J. (2001a) The effect of feeding mannan-oligosaccharides (Bio-Mos) on the performance of meat chickens under two different vaccination programs. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 14: 559-563.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
SIMON, O., JADAMUS, A. and VAHJEN, W. (2001) Probiotic feed additives—effectiveness and expected modes of action. Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences 10: 51-67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
SMIRNOV, A., PEREZ, R., AMIT-ROMACH, E., SKLAN, D. and UNI, Z. (2005) Mucin dynamics and microbial populations in chicken small intestine are changed by dietary probiotic and antibiotic growth promoter supplementation. Journal of Nutrition 135: 187-192.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
SNEL, J., HARMSEN, H.J.M., VAN DE WIELEN, P.W.J.J. and WILLIAMS, B.A. (2002) Dietary strategies to influence the gastrointestinal microflora of young animals, and its potential to improve intestinal health, in: BLOK, M.C. (Ed.) Nutrition and health on the gastrointestinal tract, pp. 37-69 (Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen, Netherlands).Google Scholar
SONG, J.-Y. and LI, W.-F. (2001) The preparation of mannan-oligosaccharide from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and its effect on intestinal microflora in chicken. Journal of Zhejiang University (Agric. and Life Sci.) 27: 447-450.Google Scholar
SPRING, P. and PRIVULESCU, M. (1998) Mannanoligosaccharide: its logical role as a natural feed additive for piglets. Biotechnology in the feed industry: Proceedings of Alltech's 14th Annual Symposium, Kentucky, USA.Google Scholar
SPRING, P., WENK, C., DAWSON, K.A. and NEWMAN, K.E. (2000) The effects of dietary mannonoligosaccharides on cacal parameters and the concentrations of enteric bacteria in the ceca of Salmonella-challenged broiler chicks. Poultry Science 79: 205-211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
STERN, N.J., BAILEY, J.S. and COX, N.A. (1998) Mucosal starter culture TM as part of an integrated program for Salmonella control on processed carcasses. Proceedings of the 10th EPC, Jerusalem, II:709-715.Google Scholar
STERN, N.J., COX, N.A., BAILEY, J.S., BERRANG, M.E. and MUSGROVE, M.T. (2001) Comparison of mucosal competitive exclusion and competitive exclusion treatment to reduce Salmonella and Campylobacter spp. colonization in broiler chickens. Poultry Science 80: 156-160.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
TEN BRUGGENCATE, S.J.M., BOVEE-OUDENHOVEN, I.M.J., LETTINK-WISSINK, M.L.G. and VAN DER MEER, R. (2003) Dietary fructo-oligosaccharides dose-dependently increase translocation of salmonella in rats. Journal of Nutrition 133: 2313-2318.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
TIMMERMAN, H.M., VELDMAN, A., VAN DEN ELSEN, E., ROMBOUTS, F.M. and BEYNEN, A.C. (2006) Mortality and growth performance of broilers given drinking water supplemented with chicken-specific probiotics. Poultry Science 85: 1383-1388.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
VAHJEN, W., GLASER, K., SCHAFER, K. and SIMON, O. (1998) Influence of xylanase-supplemented feed on the development of selected bacterial groups in the intestinal tract of broiler chicks. Journal of Agricultural Science 130: 489-500.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
VERDONK, J.M.A.J., SHIM, S.B., VAN LEEUWEN, P. and VERSTEGEN, M.W.A. (2005) Application of inulin-type fructans in animal feed and pet food. British Journal of Nutrition 93: S125-S138.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
VIDANARACHCHI, J.K., MIKKELSEN, L.L., SIMS, I.M., IJI, P.A. and CHOCT, M. (2006) Selected plant extracts modulate the gut microflora in broilers. Proceedings of Australian Poultry Science Symposium, Sydney, Australia, 18:145-148.Google Scholar
WALDROUP, A.L., SKINNER, J.T., HIERHOLZER, R.E. and WALDROUP, P.W. (1993) An evaluation of fructo-oligosaccharide in diets for broiler chickens and effects on salmonellae contamination of carcasses. Poultry Science 72: 643-650.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
WANG, R., LI, D. and BOURNE, S. (1998) Can 2000 years of herbal medicine history help us solve problems in the year 2000? Biotechnology in the feed industry: Proceedings of Alltech's 14th Annual Symposium, Kentucky, USA, 273-291.Google Scholar
WATKINS, B.A. and KRATZER, F.H. (1984) Drinking water treatment with commercial preparation of a concentrated Lactobacillus culture for broiler chickens. Poultry Science 63: 1671-1673.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
WILLIAMS, B.A., VERSTEGEN, M.W.A. and TAMMINGA, S. (2001) Fermentation in the large intestine of single-stomached animals and its relationship to animal health. Nutrition Research Reviews 14: 207-227.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
WINDISCH, W. and KROISMAYR, A. (2006) The effects of phytobiotics on performance and gut function in monogastrics. Accessed in 2006. www.feedinfo.com.Google Scholar
XING, X.L. (2004) A comparative study on the effects of different Chinese herbal medicinal feed additives in broiler chickens. Accessed in 2006. www.feedtrade.com.cn.Google Scholar
XU, Z.R., HU, C.H., XIA, M.S., ZHAN, X.A. and WANG, M.D. (2003) Effects of dietary fructo-oligosaccharides on digestive enzyme activities, intestinal microflora and morphology of male broilers. Poultry Science 82: 1030-1036.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
XUE, M. and MENG, X.S. (1996) Review on research progress and prosperous of immune activities of bio-active polysaccharides. Journal of Traditional Veterinary Medicine 3: 15-18.Google Scholar
YANG, Y., IJI, P.A., KOCHER, A., MIKKELSEN, L.L. and CHOCT, M. (2007a) Effects of mannanoligosaccharide on growth performance, the development of gut microflora and gut function of broiler chickens raised on new litter. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 16: 280-288.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
YANG, Y., IJI, P.A., KOCHER, A., MIKKELSEN, L.L. and CHOCT, M. (2008c) Effects of mannanoligosaccharides on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility and gut development of young birds given different cereal-based diets. Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition (in press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
YANG, Y., IJI, P.A. and and CHOCT, M. (2007b) Effects of different dietary levels of mannanoligosaccharide on growth performance and gut development of broiler chickens. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 20: 1084-1091.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
YANG, Y., IJI, P.A., KOCHER, A., MIKKELSEN, L.L. and CHOCT, M. (2008b) The response of broiler chickens to mannanoligosaccharide, or fructo-oligosaccharide-supplemented diet against pathogenic Escherichia coli challenge. British Poultry Science (accepted).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
YANG, Y., IJI, P.A., KOCHER, A., THOMSON, E., MIKKELSEN, L.L. and and CHOCT, M. (2008a) Effects of mannanoligosaccharide in broiler chicken diets on growth performance, net energy utilization, nutrient digestibility, and intestinal microflora. British Poultry Science 49: 186-194.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
YOUN, H.J. and NOH, J.W. (2001) Screening of the anticoccidial effects of herb extracts against Eimeria tenella. Veterinary Parasitology 96: 257-263.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
YUSRIZAL, C. and CHEN, T.C. (2003) Effect of adding chicory fructans in feed on broiler growth performance, serum cholesterol, and intestinal length. International Journal of Poultry Science 3: 214-219.Google Scholar
ZHAN, X.-A., HU, C.-H. and XU, Z.-R. (2003) Effects of fructo-oligosaccharide on growth performance and intestinal microflora and morphology of broiler chicks. Zhong Guo Shou Yi Xue Bao 32: 196-198.Google Scholar
ZHANG, K.Y., YAN, F., KEEN, C.A. and WALDROUP, P.W. (2005) Evaluation of microencapsulated essential oils and organic acids in diets for broiler chickens. International Journal of Poultry Science 4: 612-619.Google Scholar
ZHANG, W.F., LI, D.F., LU, W.Q. and YI, G.F. (2003) Effects of isomalto-oligosaccharides on broiler performance and intestinal microflora. Poultry Science 82: 657-663.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
ZULKIFLI, I., ABDULLAH, N., AZRIN, N.M. and HO, Y.W. (2000) Growth performance and immune response of two commercial broiler strains fed diets containing Lactobacillus cultures and oxytetracycline under heat stress conditions. British Poultry Science 41: 593-597.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed