In the original publication of this article, footnote markers in Table 1 were incorrect and not corresponding to the correct footnotes. Below is a replication of Table 1 with the corrected information.
The editorial team apologizes for this error.
Table 1 The delegate’s second-class parliamentary powers
Notes:
a) Delegate Stacey Plaskett (D-VI) served as a manager for the second Trump impeachment.
b) However, no delegate in the modern era has been appointed to the Appropriations, Rules, or Budget Committees, and “party leaders typically assigned the delegates only to committees relevant to their local constituencies, and not to the power committees or other committees that grapple with broader national issues” (Lewallen and Sparrow 2018, 746).
c) The last Delegate to chair a standing committee in Congress was William Henry Harrison in 1799 (Cama 2022).
d) The D.C. Circuit affirmed this arrangement in Michel v. Anderson, 14 F.3d 623. A revote without the delegates has happened eight times—three times in the 103rd Congress, once in the 111th Congress, and four times in the 118th Congress (see also Hudiburg 2022, 2–3).
e) Numerous close votes on the House floor might have had a different outcome were the nonvoting members able to vote. In the 19th Congress, for example, Indian Removal was nearly defeated by a substitute amendment, which garnered a tie vote, 98-98. If that substitute passed, the Trails of Tears may never have occurred (Remini 2006, 120; for other examples, see Mamet 2021, 409n42).
f) The delegates could not vote on the failed resolution to oust Speaker Joseph Cannon on March 17, 1910, nor on the successful resolution to remove Speaker Kevin McCarthy on October 3, 2023.
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