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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 14 October 2024
For $\unicode{x3bb}>1$, we consider the locally free
${\mathbb Z}\ltimes _\unicode{x3bb} \mathbb R$ actions on
$\mathbb T^2$. We show that if the action is
$C^r$ with
$r\geq 2$, then it is
$C^{r-\epsilon }$-conjugate to an affine action generated by a hyperbolic automorphism and a linear translation flow along the expanding eigen-direction of the automorphism. In contrast, there exists a
$C^{1+\alpha }$-action which is semi-conjugate, but not topologically conjugate to an affine action.