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The Moral Economy of the Scottish Coalfields: Managing Deindustrialization under Nationalization c.1947–1983

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 November 2017

EWAN GIBBS
EWAN GIBBS*
Affiliation:
Ewan Gibbs is an Early Career Lecturer in Sociology and Social Policy at the University of the West of Scotland. E-mail: [email protected]
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Abstract

This article examines conceptions of social justice and economic fairness with regard to employment. It does so through an analysis of the management of deindustrialization in the Scottish coalfields between the 1940s and 1980s. Emphasis is placed on the historical roots and social and political constitutions of labor market practices. The analysis is grounded within Karl Polanyi’s Great Transformation; industrial relations within coal mining are conceived through an ongoing conflict between commodifying, liberalizing market forces and a “counter-movement” of worker and community resistance and state regulation, which works to embed markets within social and political priorities. E. P. Thompson’s moral economy provides the basis for an understanding of the formulation of communal expectations and employment practices that acted to mitigate the disruption caused by pit closures. The analysis grounds the historical roots of the moral economy within Poalnyi’s counter-movement and illuminates the operation of specific practices of a Thompsonian character within the nationalized industry, which maintained individual and collective employment stability. This is constructed utilizing interviews with former mineworkers and members of mining families. These are supplemented by archival sources that include the minutes of Colliery Consultative Committee meetings, which took place before pit closures. They reveal the moral economy was fundamentally centered on the control of resources, collieries, and the employment they provided rather than simply elements of financial compensation for those suffering from labor market instability. Resultantly procedure centering on collective consultation was fundamental in legitimating colliery closures.

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Articles
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Enterprise & Society , Volume 19 , Issue 1 , March 2018 , pp. 124 - 152
Copyright
Copyright © The Author 2017. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Business History Conference. All rights reserved. 

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References

Bibliography of Works Cited

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Halliday, Robert S. The Disappearing Scottish Colliery: A Personal View of Some Aspects of Scotland’s Coal Industry since Nationalisation. Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1990.Google Scholar
Heughan, Hazel E. Pit Closures at Shotts and the Migration of Miners. Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh Social Sciences Research Centre, 1953.Google Scholar
Kirk, John. Class, Culture and Social Change: On the Trails of the Working Class. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.Google Scholar
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Fielding, Nigel, and Thomas, Hilary. “Qualitative Interviewing.” In Researching Social Life, edited by Gilbert, Nigel, 3rd ed., 245–265. London: Sage, 2008.Google Scholar
Finch, Helen, and Lewis, Jane. “Focus Groups.” In Qualitative Research Practice: A Guide for Social Science Students and Researchers, edited by Ritchie, Jane and Lewis, Jane, 170–198. London: Sage Publications, 2003.Google Scholar
Fine, Ben. “Economies of Scale and a Featherbedding Cartel? A Reconsideration of the Interwar British Coal Industry.” Economic History Review 43 (1990): 438–449.Google Scholar
Gildart, Keith. “Mining Memories: Reading Coalfield Autobiographies.” Labor History 50 (2009): 139–161.Google Scholar
Greasley, David. “Economies of Scale in British Coalmining between the Wars.” Economic History Review 46 (1993): 155–159.Google Scholar
Laaser, Knut. The Moral Economy of Work and Employment in Banks. Ph.D. thesis, University of Strathclyde, Scotland, 2013.Google Scholar
Lie, John. “Embedding Polanyi’s Market Society.” Sociological Perspectives 34 (1991): 219–235.Google Scholar
McIlroy, John, and Campbell, Alan. “Beyond Betteshanger 2: Order 1305 in the Scottish Coalfields during the Second World War, Part 2: The Cardowan Story.” Historical Studies in Industrial Relations 16 (2003): 39–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perchard, Andrew. “‘Broken Men’ and ‘Thatcher’s Children’: Memory and Legacy in Scotland’s Coalfields.” International Labor and Working-Class History 84 (2013): 78–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perchard, Andrew, and Phillips, Jim. “Transgressing the Moral Economy: Wheelerism and Management of the Nationalised Coal Industry in Scotland.” Contemporary British History 25, no. 3 (2011): 387–405.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phillips, Jim. “Deindustrialization and the Moral Economy of the Scottish Coalfields: 1947 to 1991.” International Labor and Working Class History 84 (2013): 99–115.Google Scholar
Phillips, Jim. “Energy and Industrial Politics in the UK: The Miners’ Strikes of 1972, 1974 and 1984–5.” Scottish Business and Industrial History 25 (2009): 56–72.Google Scholar
Phillips, Jim “The Moral Economy of Deindustrialization in Post-1945 Scotland.” In The Deindustrialized World: Confronting Ruination in Post-Industrial Places, edited by High, Steven, MacKinnon, Lachlan, and Perchard, Andrew, 313–333. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 2017.Google Scholar
Portelli, Alessandro. “What Makes Oral History Different?” In The Oral History Reader, 2nd ed., edited by Perks, Robert and Thomson, Alistair, 32–42. Oxon, UK: Routledge, 1998.Google Scholar
Popular Memory Group. “Popular Memory: Theory, Politics, Methodology.” In The Oral History Reader, 2nd ed., edited by Perks, Robert and Thomson, Alistair, 43–53. London: Routledge, 2006.Google Scholar
Silver, Beverley, and Arrighi, Giovanni. “Polanyi’s ‘Double Movement’: The Belle Epoques of British and US Hegemony Compared.” Politics and Society 31 (2003): 325–355.Google Scholar
Stizia, Lorraine. “Telling Arthur’s Story: Oral History Relationships and Shared Authority.” Oral History 27 (1999): 58–67.Google Scholar
Supple, Barry. “The Political Economy of Demoralization: The State and the Coalmining Industry in America and Britain between the Wars.” Economic History Review 41 (1988): 566–591.Google Scholar
Strangleman, Tim. “Deindustrialisation and the Historical Sociological Imagination: Making Sense of Work and Industrial Change.” Sociology 51, no. 2 (2016): 466–482.Google Scholar
Thomson, Alistair. “Anzac Memories: Putting Popular Memory Theory into Practice in Australia.” In The Oral History Reader, edited by Perks, R. and Thomson, A., 300–310. London: Routledge, 1998.Google Scholar
Thompson, E. P. “The Moral Economy of the English Crowd in the Eighteenth Century.” Past and Present 50 (1971) 76–136.Google Scholar
Tomlinson, Jim. “A ‘Failed Experiment’? Public Ownership and the Narratives of Post-War Britain.” Labour History Review 73 (2008): 228–243.Google Scholar
Wells, Roger. “E. P. Thompson: Customs in Common and Moral Economy.” Journal of Peasant Studies 21 (1994) 263–307.Google Scholar
Census of Scotland 1921, vol. 1. Edinburgh: His Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1922.Google Scholar
Census 1951 Scotland, vol. iv, Occupation and Industries . Edinburgh: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office (HMSO), 1956.Google Scholar
Census 1961 Scotland , Occupation and Industry County Tables, Glasgow and Lanark Leaflet No. 15. Edinburgh: HMSO, 1966.Google Scholar
Census 1971 Scotland , Economic Activity County Tables, Part 2. Edinburgh: HMSO, 1976.Google Scholar
Census 1981 Scotland , Economic Activity, 10% Strathclyde Region (microfiche). Edinburgh: HMSO, 1983.Google Scholar
Sample Census 1966 Scotland Economic Activity County Tables, Leaflet No. 3, Glasgow and Lanark. Edinburgh: HMSO, 1968.Google Scholar
National Records of Scotland, Edinburgh.Google Scholar
National Mining Museum Scotland Archives, Newtongrange, Midlothian.Google Scholar
Jessie Clark, residence, Broddock, March 22, 2014.Google Scholar
Mick McGahey, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, March 31, 2014.Google Scholar
Moodiesburn Focus Group, Pivot Community Centre, Moodiesburn, March 25, 2014.Google Scholar
Nicky Wilson, John Macintyre Building, University of Glasgow, February 10, 2014.Google Scholar
Pat Egan, Fife College, Glenrothes, February 5, 2014.Google Scholar
Peter Mansell-Mullen, residence, Strathaven, October 3, 2014.Google Scholar
Shotts Focus Group, Nithsdale Sheltered Housing Complex, Shotts, March 4, 2014.Google Scholar
Abrams, Lynn. Oral History Theory. London: Routledge, 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arnot, Robert Page. A History of the Scottish Miners: From the Earliest Times. London: George Allen and Unwin, 1955.Google Scholar
Ashworth, William. The History of the British Coal Industry, vol. 5: 1946–1982: The Nationalized Industry. Oxford: Calderon Press, 1986.Google Scholar
Baldwin, George. Beyond Nationalization: The Labor Problems of British Coal. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1955.Google Scholar
Bonnett, Alastair. Left in the Past: Radicalism and the Politics of Nostalgia. New York: Continuum, 2010.Google Scholar
Buxton, Neil. The Economic Development of the British Coal Industry: From Industrial Revolution to the Present Day. London: Batsford, 1978.Google Scholar
Campbell, Alan. The Scottish Miners, 1874–1939, vol. 1: Industry Work and Community. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 2000.Google Scholar
Davis, Fred. Yearning for Yesterday: A Sociology of Nostalgia. New York: The Free Press, 1979.Google Scholar
Dintenfass, Michael. Managing Industrial Decline. Athens: Ohio State University Press, 1992.Google Scholar
Duncan, Robert. The Mineworkers. Edinburgh: Birlinn, 2005.Google Scholar
Fine, Ben. The Coal Question: Political Economy and Industrial Change from the Nineteenth Century to the Present Day. London: Routledge, 1990.Google Scholar
Halliday, Robert S. The Disappearing Scottish Colliery: A Personal View of Some Aspects of Scotland’s Coal Industry since Nationalisation. Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1990.Google Scholar
Heughan, Hazel E. Pit Closures at Shotts and the Migration of Miners. Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh Social Sciences Research Centre, 1953.Google Scholar
Kirk, John. Class, Culture and Social Change: On the Trails of the Working Class. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.Google Scholar
Knight, Peter. Small-Scale Research Pragmatic Inquiry in Social Science and the Caring Professions. London: Sage, 2008.Google Scholar
McIvor, Arthur. A History of Work in Britain: 1880-1950. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave, 2001.Google Scholar
McIvor, Arthur, and Johnston, Ronald. Miners’ Lung: A History of Dust Disease in British Coal Mining. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 2006.Google Scholar
Mills, Catherine. Regulating Health and Safety in the British Mining Industries, 1800–1914. Famham, UK: Ashgate, 2010.Google Scholar
Oglethorpe, Michael. Scottish Collieries: An Inventory of Scotland’s Coal Industry in the Nationalised Era. Edinburgh: Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland, 2008.Google Scholar
Payne, Peter. Growth and Contraction: Scottish Industry c.1860–1990. Glasgow: Studies in Scottish Economic and Social History, 1992.Google Scholar
Perchard, Andrew. The Mine Management Professions in the Twentieth-Century Scottish Coal Mining Industry. Lampeter, Scotland: Edwin Melling, 2007.Google Scholar
Polanyi, Karl. The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time. Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 2001. First published 1944.Google Scholar
Polanyi Levitt, K. From the Great Transformation to the Great Financialization: On Karl Polanyi and Other Essay. London: Zed Books, 2013.Google Scholar
Robens, Alfred. Ten Year Stint. London: Cassel, 1972.Google Scholar
Robson, William Alexander. Nationalized Industry and Public Ownership, 2nd ed. London: George Allen and Unwin, 1962.Google Scholar
Standing, Guy. Work after Globalization: Building Occupational Citizenship. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Summerfield, Penny. Reconstructing Women’s Wartime Lives: Discourse and Subjectivity in Oral Histories of the Second World War. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 1998.Google Scholar
Supple, Barry. The History of the British Coal Industry, Volume 4: 1913–1946: The Political Economy of Decline. Oxford: Calderon, 1987.Google Scholar
Thompson, E. P. The Making of the English Working Class Middlesex . Gretna, LA: Pelican, 1968.Google Scholar
Thompson, E. P. Customs in Common. London: Merlin Press, 1991.Google Scholar
Block, Fred. “Karl Polanyi and the Writing of The Great Transformation.” Theory and Society 32 (2003): 275–306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bolton, Sharon C., and Laaser, Knut. “Work, Employment and Society through the Lens of Moral Economy.” Work, Employment and Society 27 (2013): 508–525.Google Scholar
Brotherstone, Terry. “Energy Workers Against Thatcherite Neoliberalism: Scottish Coal Miners and North Sea Offshore Workers: Revisiting the Class Struggle in the UK in the 1980s.” International Journal on Strikes and Social Conflict 1 (2013): 135–154.Google Scholar
Campbell, Alan. “Scotland.” In Industrial Politics and the 1926 Mining Lockout: The Struggle for Dignity, edited by McIlroy, John, Campbell, Alan, and Gildart, Keith, 173–189. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Church, Roy. “Employers, Trade Unions and the State, 1889–1987: The Origins and Decline of Tripartism in the British Coal Industry.” In Workers, Owners and Politics in Coal Mining: An International Comparison of Industrial Relations edited by Feldman, Gerald D., and Tenfelde, Klaus, 12–73. New York: Berg, 1990.Google Scholar
Dale, Gareth. “Double Movements and Pendular Forces: Polanyian Perspectives on the Neoliberal Age.” Current Sociology 60 (2012): 3–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fielding, Nigel, and Thomas, Hilary. “Qualitative Interviewing.” In Researching Social Life, edited by Gilbert, Nigel, 3rd ed., 245–265. London: Sage, 2008.Google Scholar
Finch, Helen, and Lewis, Jane. “Focus Groups.” In Qualitative Research Practice: A Guide for Social Science Students and Researchers, edited by Ritchie, Jane and Lewis, Jane, 170–198. London: Sage Publications, 2003.Google Scholar
Fine, Ben. “Economies of Scale and a Featherbedding Cartel? A Reconsideration of the Interwar British Coal Industry.” Economic History Review 43 (1990): 438–449.Google Scholar
Gildart, Keith. “Mining Memories: Reading Coalfield Autobiographies.” Labor History 50 (2009): 139–161.Google Scholar
Greasley, David. “Economies of Scale in British Coalmining between the Wars.” Economic History Review 46 (1993): 155–159.Google Scholar
Laaser, Knut. The Moral Economy of Work and Employment in Banks. Ph.D. thesis, University of Strathclyde, Scotland, 2013.Google Scholar
Lie, John. “Embedding Polanyi’s Market Society.” Sociological Perspectives 34 (1991): 219–235.Google Scholar
McIlroy, John, and Campbell, Alan. “Beyond Betteshanger 2: Order 1305 in the Scottish Coalfields during the Second World War, Part 2: The Cardowan Story.” Historical Studies in Industrial Relations 16 (2003): 39–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perchard, Andrew. “‘Broken Men’ and ‘Thatcher’s Children’: Memory and Legacy in Scotland’s Coalfields.” International Labor and Working-Class History 84 (2013): 78–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perchard, Andrew, and Phillips, Jim. “Transgressing the Moral Economy: Wheelerism and Management of the Nationalised Coal Industry in Scotland.” Contemporary British History 25, no. 3 (2011): 387–405.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phillips, Jim. “Deindustrialization and the Moral Economy of the Scottish Coalfields: 1947 to 1991.” International Labor and Working Class History 84 (2013): 99–115.Google Scholar
Phillips, Jim. “Energy and Industrial Politics in the UK: The Miners’ Strikes of 1972, 1974 and 1984–5.” Scottish Business and Industrial History 25 (2009): 56–72.Google Scholar
Phillips, Jim “The Moral Economy of Deindustrialization in Post-1945 Scotland.” In The Deindustrialized World: Confronting Ruination in Post-Industrial Places, edited by High, Steven, MacKinnon, Lachlan, and Perchard, Andrew, 313–333. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 2017.Google Scholar
Portelli, Alessandro. “What Makes Oral History Different?” In The Oral History Reader, 2nd ed., edited by Perks, Robert and Thomson, Alistair, 32–42. Oxon, UK: Routledge, 1998.Google Scholar
Popular Memory Group. “Popular Memory: Theory, Politics, Methodology.” In The Oral History Reader, 2nd ed., edited by Perks, Robert and Thomson, Alistair, 43–53. London: Routledge, 2006.Google Scholar
Silver, Beverley, and Arrighi, Giovanni. “Polanyi’s ‘Double Movement’: The Belle Epoques of British and US Hegemony Compared.” Politics and Society 31 (2003): 325–355.Google Scholar
Stizia, Lorraine. “Telling Arthur’s Story: Oral History Relationships and Shared Authority.” Oral History 27 (1999): 58–67.Google Scholar
Supple, Barry. “The Political Economy of Demoralization: The State and the Coalmining Industry in America and Britain between the Wars.” Economic History Review 41 (1988): 566–591.Google Scholar
Strangleman, Tim. “Deindustrialisation and the Historical Sociological Imagination: Making Sense of Work and Industrial Change.” Sociology 51, no. 2 (2016): 466–482.Google Scholar
Thomson, Alistair. “Anzac Memories: Putting Popular Memory Theory into Practice in Australia.” In The Oral History Reader, edited by Perks, R. and Thomson, A., 300–310. London: Routledge, 1998.Google Scholar
Thompson, E. P. “The Moral Economy of the English Crowd in the Eighteenth Century.” Past and Present 50 (1971) 76–136.Google Scholar
Tomlinson, Jim. “A ‘Failed Experiment’? Public Ownership and the Narratives of Post-War Britain.” Labour History Review 73 (2008): 228–243.Google Scholar
Wells, Roger. “E. P. Thompson: Customs in Common and Moral Economy.” Journal of Peasant Studies 21 (1994) 263–307.Google Scholar
Census of Scotland 1921, vol. 1. Edinburgh: His Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1922.Google Scholar
Census 1951 Scotland, vol. iv, Occupation and Industries . Edinburgh: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office (HMSO), 1956.Google Scholar
Census 1961 Scotland , Occupation and Industry County Tables, Glasgow and Lanark Leaflet No. 15. Edinburgh: HMSO, 1966.Google Scholar
Census 1971 Scotland , Economic Activity County Tables, Part 2. Edinburgh: HMSO, 1976.Google Scholar
Census 1981 Scotland , Economic Activity, 10% Strathclyde Region (microfiche). Edinburgh: HMSO, 1983.Google Scholar
Sample Census 1966 Scotland Economic Activity County Tables, Leaflet No. 3, Glasgow and Lanark. Edinburgh: HMSO, 1968.Google Scholar
National Records of Scotland, Edinburgh.Google Scholar
National Mining Museum Scotland Archives, Newtongrange, Midlothian.Google Scholar
Jessie Clark, residence, Broddock, March 22, 2014.Google Scholar
Mick McGahey, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, March 31, 2014.Google Scholar
Moodiesburn Focus Group, Pivot Community Centre, Moodiesburn, March 25, 2014.Google Scholar
Nicky Wilson, John Macintyre Building, University of Glasgow, February 10, 2014.Google Scholar
Pat Egan, Fife College, Glenrothes, February 5, 2014.Google Scholar
Peter Mansell-Mullen, residence, Strathaven, October 3, 2014.Google Scholar
Shotts Focus Group, Nithsdale Sheltered Housing Complex, Shotts, March 4, 2014.Google Scholar