Giovanni Puglisi presents here the theoretical and concrete context in which the Unesco Day of Philosophy took place in 2008 in Palermo, Italy. He insists on the importance for Unesco to publicly discuss issues that constitute the dialogical essence of our time, and argues that Unesco would not survive a loss of its capacity to carry out public reflection. Rights and Power, the general theme of the Palermo Day of Philosophy, appears as a very central issue for a global world, where the dynamic between formal law and social and cultural constraints need to be permanently redefined. Unesco is and must be committed to bringing together scholars, intellectuals, and other public actors of this crucial reflection.