Hostname: page-component-669899f699-rg895 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-04-26T02:45:22.322Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Imagery-based cognitive therapy to reduce emotional dysregulation and mood instability in bipolar disorder: a case-series study

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 November 2024

Thomas Paulet  and
Luisa Weiner
Thomas Paulet
Affiliation:
Université de Strasbourg, Laboratoire de Psychologie des Cognitions UR 4440, Strasbourg, France Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
Luisa Weiner*
Affiliation:
Université de Strasbourg, Laboratoire de Psychologie des Cognitions UR 4440, Strasbourg, France Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
*
Corresponding author: Luisa Weiner; Email: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Introduction:

Bipolar disorder (BD) has a significant impact on functioning in the absence of acute mood episodes. This has been associated with subsyndromal symptoms, co-morbidities, and emotional dysregulation. The present study aims to evaluate the acceptability and preliminary efficacy of imagery-based cognitive therapy (ImCT) in a French community setting. We were particularly interested in the link between mental imagery and emotional dysregulation as this may clarify the mechanisms involved in the potential efficacy of the therapy and ultimately improve its relevance.

Method:

Ten participants underwent ImCT, with weekly assessments of mood fluctuations, anxiety, and emotional dysregulation conducted over 1 month (i.e. pre-therapy, post-therapy and 1-month follow-up). Recovery, post-traumatic stress symptoms and self-compassion were measured at baseline and post-therapy. Attrition rates and satisfaction were measured.

Results:

All participants who completed therapy (n=8) reported high levels of satisfaction. Five of them showed reliable individual improvement on emotion dysregulation scores. At the group level, a significant decrease in mood fluctuation with a large effect size was found post-therapy.

Conclusion:

ImCT showed good acceptability among participants who completed the study. Importantly, our study is the first to provide an indication that ImCT may alleviate subsyndromal mood symptoms but also emotional dysregulation in individuals with BD. This latter finding is particularly relevant given the scarcity of validated psychosocial interventions targeting emotional dysregulation in BD.

Keywords

anxietybipolar disorderemotion dysregulationimagery-based cognitive therapy
Type
Empirically Grounded Clinical Interventions
Information
Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy , Volume 53 , Issue 1 , March 2025 , pp. 1 - 16
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2024. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of British Association for Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapies

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Abraham, K. M., Miller, C. J., Birgenheir, D. G., Lai, Z., & Kilbourne, A. M. (2014). Self-efficacy and quality of life among people with bipolar disorder. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 202, 583–588. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000000165 Google ScholarPubMed
Afshari, B., Omidi, A., & Ahmadvand, A. (2019). Effects of dialectical behavior therapy on executive functions, emotion regulation, and mindfulness in bipolar disorder. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 50, 123–131. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10879-019-09442-7 Google Scholar
Altman, E. G., Hedeker, D., Peterson, J. L., & Davis, J. M. (1997). The Altman Self-Rating Mania Scale. Biological Psychiatry, 42, 948–955. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(96)00548-3 Google ScholarPubMed
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Apfelbaum, S., Regalado, P., Herman, L., Teitelbaum, J., & Gagliesi, P. (2013). Comorbidity between bipolar disorder and cluster B personality disorders as indicator of affective dysregulation and clinical severity. Actas espanolas de psiquiatria, 41, 269–278.Google ScholarPubMed
Bauer, M. S., Crits-Christoph, P., Ball, W. A., Dewees, E., McAllister, T., Alahi, P., Cacciola, J., & Whybrow, P. C. (1991). Independent assessment of manic and depressive symptoms by self-rating. Scale characteristics and implications for the study of mania. Archives of General Psychiatry, 48, 807–812. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1991.01810330031005 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beauchaine, T. P. (2015). Future directions in emotion dysregulation and youth psychopathology. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 44(5), 875–896.Google ScholarPubMed
Beck, A. T., Epstein, N., Brown, G., & Steer, R. A. (1988). An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: psychometric properties. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 893–897. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-006x.56.6.893 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bernstein, D. P., & Fink, L. (1998). Childhood Trauma Questionnaire: A Retrospective Self-Report Manual. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.Google Scholar
Birmaher, B., Gill, M. K., Axelson, D. A., Goldstein, B. I., Goldstein, T. R., Yu, H., Liao, F., Iyengar, S., Diler, R. S., Strober, M., Hower, H., Yen, S., Hunt, J., Merranko, J. A., Ryan, N. D., & Keller, M. B. (2014). Longitudinal trajectories and associated baseline predictors in youths with bipolar spectrum disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 171, 990–999. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.13121577 Google ScholarPubMed
Bjureberg, J., Ljótsson, B., Tull, M. T., Hedman, E., Sahlin, H., Lundh, L.-G., Bjärehed, J., DiLillo, D., Messman-Moore, T., Gumpert, C. H., & Gratz, K. L. (2016). Development and validation of a brief version of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale: the DERS-16. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 38, 284–296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-015-9514-x Google ScholarPubMed
Brewin, C. R., Gregory, J. D., Lipton, M., & Burgess, N. (2010). Intrusive images in psychological disorders: characteristics, neural mechanisms, and treatment implications. Psychological Review, 117, 210–232. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018113 Google ScholarPubMed
Chiang, K. J., Tsai, J. C., Liu, D., Lin, C. H., Chiu, H. L., & Chou, K. R. (2017). Efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy in patients with bipolar disorder: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PloS One, 12, e0176849. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0176849 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 155–159. https://doi.org/10.1037//0033-2909.112.1.155 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Conway, M. A., & Pleydell-Pearce, C. W. (2000). The construction of autobiographical memories in the self-memory system. Psychological Review, 107(2), 261.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cruwys, T., Haslam, C., Haslam, S. A., Rathbone, J. A., & Donaldson, J. L. (2022). Acceptability and feasibility of an intervention to enhance social group belonging: evidence from three trials of Groups 4 Health. Behavior Therapy, 53, 1233–1249.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
D’Argembeau, A., & Van der Linden, M. (2006). Individual differences in the phenomenology of mental time travel: the effect of vivid visual imagery and emotion regulation strategies. Consciousness and Cognition, 15, 342–350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2005.09.001 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dan-Glauser, E. S., & Scherer, K. R. (2013). The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS): factor structure and consistency of a French translation. Swiss Journal of Psychology, 72, 5–11. https://doi.org/10.1024/1421-0185/a000093 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daruy-Filho, L., Brietzke, E., Lafer, B., & Grassi-Oliveira, R. (2011). Childhood maltreatment and clinical outcomes of bipolar disorder. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 124, 427–434. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.2011.01756.x Google ScholarPubMed
Di Simplicio, M., Renner, F., Blackwell, S. E., Mitchell, H., Stratford, H. J., Watson, P., Myers, N., Nobre, A. C., Lau-Zhu, A., & Holmes, E. A. (2016). An investigation of mental imagery in bipolar disorder: exploring ‘the mind’s eye’. Bipolar Disorders, 18, 669–683. https://doi.org/10.1111/bdi.12453 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dodd, A., Lockwood, E., Mansell, W., & Palmier-Claus, J. (2019). Emotion regulation strategies in bipolar disorder: a systematic and critical review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 246, 262–284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.12.026 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Døssing, M., Nilsson, K. K., Svejstrup, S. R., Sørensen, V. V., Straarup, K. N., & Hansen, T. B. (2015). Low self-compassion in patients with bipolar disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 60, 53–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2015.03.010 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eisner, L., Eddie, D., Harley, R., Jacobo, M., Nierenberg, A. A., & Deckersbach, T. (2017). Dialectical behavior therapy group skills training for bipolar disorder. Behavior Therapy, 48(4), 557–566.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eskander, N., Emamy, M., Saad-Omer, S. M., Khan, F., & Jahan, N. (2020). the impact of impulsivity and emotional dysregulation on comorbid bipolar disorder and borderline personality disorder. Cureus. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.9581 Google ScholarPubMed
Faurholt-Jepsen, M., Frost, M., Busk, J., Christensen, E. M., Bardram, J. E., Vinberg, M., & Kessing, L. V. (2019). Is smartphone-based mood instability associated with stress, quality of life, and functioning in bipolar disorder? Bipolar Disorders, 21, 611–620. https://doi.org/10.1111/bdi.12796 Google ScholarPubMed
Freeston, M. H., Ladouceur, R., Thibodeau, N., Gagnon, F., et al. (1994). L’inventaire d’anxiété de Beck: propriétés psychométriques d’une traduction française [The Beck Anxiety Inventory: psychometric properties of a French translation]. L’Encéphale: Revue de psychiatrie clinique biologique et thérapeutique, 20, 47–55.Google Scholar
Gilbert, P., & Irons, C. (2004). A pilot exploration of the use of compassionate images in a group of self-critical people. Memory, 12, 507–516.Google Scholar
Gitlin, M. J., Swendsen, J., Heller, T. L., & Hammen, C. (1995). Relapse and impairment in bipolar disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 1635–1640. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.152.11.1635 Google ScholarPubMed
Green, M. J., Cahill, C. M., & Malhi, G. S. (2007). The cognitive and neurophysiological basis of emotion dysregulation in bipolar disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 103, 29–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2007.01.024 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gregory, J. D., Brewin, C. R., Mansell, W., & Donaldson, C. (2010). Intrusive memories and images in bipolar disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48, 698–703. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2010.04.005 Google ScholarPubMed
Gruber, J., Harvey, A. G., & Gross, J. J. (2012). When trying is not enough: emotion regulation and the effort-success gap in bipolar disorder. Emotion, 12, 997–1003. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026822 Google Scholar
Hackmann, A., Bennett-Levy, J., & Holmes, E. A. (2011). Oxford Guide to Imagery in Cognitive Therapy. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hales, S. A., Di Simplicio, M., Iyadurai, L., Blackwell, S. E., Young, K., Fairburn, C. G., Geddes, J. R., Goodwin, G. M., & Holmes, E. A. (2018). Imagery-focused cognitive therapy (ImCT) for mood instability and anxiety in a small sample of patients with bipolar disorder: a pilot clinical audit. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 46, 706–725. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1352465818000334 Google Scholar
Hawton, K., Sutton, L., Haw, C., Sinclair, J., & Harriss, L. (2005). Suicide and attempted suicide in bipolar disorder: a systematic review of risk factors. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 66, 693–704. https://doi.org/10.4088/jcp.v66n0604 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Henry, C., Phillips, M., Leibenluft, E., M’bailara, K., Houenou, J., & Leboyer, M. (2012). Emotional dysfunction as a marker of bipolar disorders. Frontiers in bioscience (Elite edition), 4, 2722.Google Scholar
Hirsch, C. R., & Holmes, E. A. (2007). Mental imagery in anxiety disorders. Psychiatry, 6, 161–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mppsy.2007.01.005 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holmes, E. A., Bonsall, M. B., Hales, S. A., Mitchell, H., Renner, F., Blackwell, S. E., Watson, P., Goodwin, G. M., & Di Simplicio, M. (2016). Applications of time-series analysis to mood fluctuations in bipolar disorder to promote treatment innovation: a case series. Translational Psychiatry, 6, e720. https://doi.org/10.1038/tp.2015.207 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holmes, E. A., Deeprose, C., Fairburn, C. G., Wallace-Hadrill, S. M., Bonsall, M. B., Geddes, J. R., & Goodwin, G. M. (2011). Mood stability versus mood instability in bipolar disorder: a possible role for emotional mental imagery. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 49, 707–713. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2011.06.008 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holmes, E. A., Geddes, J. R., Colom, F., & Goodwin, G. M. (2008). Mental imagery as an emotional amplifier: application to bipolar disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46, 1251–1258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2008.09.005 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holmes, E. A., Hales, S. A., Young, K., & Di Simplicio, M. (2019). Imagery-Based Cognitive Therapy for Bipolar Disorder and Mood Instability. Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Holmes, E. A., Lang, T. J., & Shah, D. M. (2009). Developing interpretation bias modification as a ‘cognitive vaccine’ for depressed mood: imagining positive events makes you feel better than thinking about them verbally. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 118, 76–88. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012590 Google ScholarPubMed
Holmes, E. A., & Mathews, A. (2005). Mental imagery and emotion: a special relationship? Emotion, 5, 489–497. https://doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.5.4.489 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holmes, E. A., & Mathews, A. (2010). Mental imagery in emotion and emotional disorders. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 349–362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2010.01.001 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ivins, A., Di Simplicio, M., Close, H., Goodwin, G. M., & Holmes, E. (2014). Mental imagery in bipolar affective disorder versus unipolar depression: investigating cognitions at times of ‘positive’ mood. Journal of Affective Disorders, 166, 234–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.05.007 Google ScholarPubMed
Iyadurai, L., Hales, S. A., Blackwell, S. E., Young, K., & Holmes, E. A. (2020). Targeting intrusive imagery using a competing task technique: a case study. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 48(6), 739–744.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jacobson, N. S., & Truax, P. (1991). Clinical significance: a statistical approach to defining meaningful change in psychotherapy research. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 12–19. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.59.1.12 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Janiri, D., Moccia, L., Conte, E., Palumbo, L., Chieffo, D., Fredda, G., Menichincheri, R. M., Balbi, A., Kotzalidis, G. D., Sani, G., & Janiri, L. (2021). Emotional dysregulation, temperament and lifetime suicidal ideation among youths with mood disorders. Journal of Personalized Medicine, 11, 865. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm11090865 Google ScholarPubMed
Ji, J. L., Heyes, S. B., MacLeod, C., & Holmes, E. A. (2016). Emotional mental imagery as simulation of reality: fear and beyond – a tribute to Peter Lang. Behavior Therapy, 47, 702–719. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2015.11.004 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ji, J. L., Kavanagh, D. J., Holmes, E. A., MacLeod, C., & Di Simplicio, M. (2019). Mental imagery in psychiatry: conceptual and clinical implications. CNS Spectrums, 24, 114–126. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1092852918001487 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jones, S., Mulligan, L. D., Higginson, S., Dunn, G., & Morrison, A. P. (2013). The bipolar recovery questionnaire: psychometric properties of a quantitative measure of recovery experiences in bipolar disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 147, 34–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2012.10.003 Google ScholarPubMed
Judd, L. L., Akiskal, H. S., Schettler, P. J., Endicott, J., Maser, J., Solomon, D. A., Leon, A. C., Rice, J. A., & Keller, M. B. (2002). The long-term natural history of the weekly symptomatic status of bipolar I disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 59, 530–537. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.59.6.530 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kerby, D. S. (2014). The simple difference formula: an approach to teaching nonparametric correlation. Comprehensive Psychology, 3, 2165–2228.Google Scholar
Kilbane, E. J., Gokbayrak, N. S., Galynker, I., Cohen, L., & Tross, S. (2009). A review of panic and suicide in bipolar disorder: does comorbidity increase risk? Journal of Affective Disorders, 115, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2008.09.014 Google ScholarPubMed
Kim, K. K., Ryu, V. & Cho, H. S. (2016). Mental imagery and its relation to emotion regulation in euthymic patients with bipolar I disorder. Mood and Emotion, 14, 71–80. https://www.kci.go.kr/kciportal/ci/sereArticleSearch/ciSereArtiView.kci?sereArticleSearchBean.artiId=ART002129880 Google Scholar
Koenders, M., Dodd, A., Karl, A., Green, M., Elzinga, B., & Wright, K. (2020). Understanding bipolar disorder within a biopsychosocial emotion dysregulation framework. Journal of Affective Disorders Reports, 2, 100031. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadr.2020.100031 Google Scholar
Kosslyn, S. M., Ganis, G., & Thompson, W. L. (2001). Neural foundations of imagery. Nature reviews. Neuroscience, 2, 635–642. https://doi.org/10.1038/35090055 Google ScholarPubMed
Kotsou, I., & Leys, C. (2016). Self-Compassion Scale (SCS): psychometric properties of the french translation and its relations with psychological well-being, affect and depression. PloS One, 11, e0152880. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0152880 Google ScholarPubMed
Krentzman, A. R., Higgins, M. M., Staller, K. M., & Klatt, E. S. (2015). Alexithymia, emotional dysregulation, and recovery from alcoholism: therapeutic response to assessment of mood. Qualitative Health Research, 25, 794–805.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krishnan, K. R. (2005). Psychiatric and medical comorbidities of bipolar disorder. Psychosomatic Medicine, 67, 1–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lang, P. J. (1979). Presidential address, 1978. A bio-informational theory of emotional imagery. Psychophysiology, 16, 495–512. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1979.tb01511.x Google ScholarPubMed
Larsen, D. L., Attkisson, C. C., Hargreaves, W. A., & Nguyen, T. D. (1979). Assessment of client/patient satisfaction: development of a general scale. Evaluation and Program Planning, 2, 197–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/0149-7189(79)90094-6 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Latalova, K., Prasko, J., Diveky, T., & Velartova, H. (2011). Cognitive impairment in bipolar disorder. Biomedical Papers of the Medical Faculty of the University Palacky, Olomouc, Czechoslovakia, 155, 19–26. https://doi.org/10.5507/bp.155.2011.003 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lewis, P. A., & Critchley, H. D. (2003). Mood-dependent memory. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7, 431–433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2003.08.005 Google ScholarPubMed
Luo, X., Zhu, Y., Lu, D., Zong, K., & Lin, X. (2020). Subjective cognitive dysfunction in patients with bipolar disorder: the prevalence, related factors and effects on predicting psychosocial functioning and suicidal ideation. Psychiatry Research, 284, 112669. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2019.112669 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
M’bailara, K., Demotes-Mainard, J., Swendsen, J., Mathieu, F., Leboyer, M., & Henry, C. (2009). Emotional hyper-reactivity in normothymic bipolar patients. Bipolar Disorders, 11, 63–69. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-5618.2008.00656.x CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MacBeth, A., & Gumley, A. (2012). Exploring compassion: a meta-analysis of the association between self-compassion and psychopathology. Clinical Psychology Review, 32, 545–552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2012.06.003 Google ScholarPubMed
Marangell, L. B., Dennehy, E. B., Miyahara, S., Wisniewski, S. R., Bauer, M. S., Rapaport, M. H., & Allen, M. H. (2009). The functional impact of subsyndromal depressive symptoms in bipolar disorder: data from STEP-BD. Journal of Affective Disorders, 114, 58–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2008.07.006 Google ScholarPubMed
Merikangas, K. R., Akiskal, H. S., Angst, J., Greenberg, P. E., Hirschfeld, R. M. A., Petukhova, M., & Kessler, R. C. (2007). Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of bipolar spectrum disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64, 543. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.64.5.543 Google ScholarPubMed
Merikangas, K. R., Jin, R., He, J. P., Kessler, R. C., Lee, S., Sampson, N. A., Viana, M. C., Andrade, L. H., Hu, C., Karam, E. G., Ladea, M., Medina-Mora, M. E., Ono, Y., Posada-Villa, J., Sagar, R., Wells, J. E., & Zarkov, Z. (2011). Prevalence and correlates of bipolar spectrum disorder in the World Mental Health Survey Initiative. Archives of General Psychiatry, 68, 241. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.12 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Michalak, E. E., Yatham, L. N., & Lam, R. W. (2005). Quality of life in bipolar disorder: a review of the literature. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 3, 72. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-3-72 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miklowitz, D. J., Efthimiou, O., Furukawa, T. A., Scott, J., McLaren, R., Geddes, J. R., & Cipriani, A. (2021). adjunctive psychotherapy for bipolar disorder: a systematic review and component network meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry, 78, 141–150. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.2993 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miola, A., Cattarinussi, G., Antiga, G., Caiolo, S., Solmi, M., & Sambataro, F. (2022). Difficulties in emotion regulation in bipolar disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 302, 352–360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2022.01.102 Google ScholarPubMed
Moore, P. J., Little, M. A., McSharry, P. E., Goodwin, G. M., & Geddes, J. R. (2013). Correlates of depression in bipolar disorder. Proceedings. Biological Sciences, 281, 20132320. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.2320 Google ScholarPubMed
Moscovitch, D. A., Chiupka, C. A., & Gavric, D. L. (2013). Within the mind’s eye: negative mental imagery activates different emotion regulation strategies in high versus low socially anxious individuals. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 44, 426–432. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2013.05.002 Google ScholarPubMed
Muhtadie, L., Johnson, S. L., Carver, C. S., Gotlib, I. H., & Ketter, T. A. (2014). A profile approach to impulsivity in bipolar disorder: the key role of strong emotions. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 129, 100–108. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.12136 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Neff, K. D. (2003). The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity, 2, 223–250. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860309027 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nelis, S., Holmes, E. A., Palmieri, R., Bellelli, G., & Raes, F. (2015). thinking back about a positive event: the impact of processing style on positive affect. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00003 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O’Donnell, C., Di Simplicio, M., & Burnett Heyes, S. (2020). Hypomanic-like experiences and spontaneous emotional mental imagery. Journal of Affective Disorders, 277, 742–746. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.003 Google ScholarPubMed
Oliva, V., De Prisco, M., Fico, G., Possidente, C., Fortea, L., Montejo, L., … & Radua, J. (2023). Correlation between emotion dysregulation and mood symptoms of bipolar disorder: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 148(6), 472-490.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pearson, J., Naselaris, T., Holmes, E. A., & Kosslyn, S. M. (2015). mental imagery: functional mechanisms and clinical applications. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 19, 590–602. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2015.08.003 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perlis, R. H., Ostacher, M. J., Patel, J. K., Marangell, L. B., Zhang, H., Wisniewski, S. R., Ketter, T. A., Miklowitz, D. J., Otto, M. W., Gyulai, L., Reilly-Harrington, N. A., Nierenberg, A. A., Sachs, G. S., & Thase, M. E. (2006). Predictors of recurrence in bipolar disorder: primary outcomes from the Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder (STEP-BD). American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 217–224. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.163.2.217 Google ScholarPubMed
Petit, F., Munuera, C., Husky, M. M., & M’Bailara, K. (2021). Mental imagery in bipolar disorder: a PRISMA-compliant systematic review of its characteristics, content and relation to emotion. Journal of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy, 31, 267–284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbct.2021.03.003 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Plans, L., Barrot, C., Nieto, E., Rios, J., Schulze, T. G., Papiol, S., Mitjans, M., Vieta, E., & Benabarre, A. (2019). Association between completed suicide and bipolar disorder: a systematic review of the literature. Journal of Affective Disorders, 242, 111–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.08.054 Google ScholarPubMed
Prisco, M., Oliva, V., Fico, G., Fornaro, M., De Bartolomeis, A., Serretti, A., Vieta, E., & Murru, A. (2022). Defining clinical characteristics of emotion dysregulation in bipolar disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 142, 104914. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104914 Google ScholarPubMed
Rihmer, Z., Gonda, X., & Döme, P. (2017). The assessment and management of suicide risk in bipolar disorder. In Carvalho, A. F. & Vieta, E. (eds), The Treatment of Bipolar Disorder: Integrative Clinical Strategies and Future Directions (pp. 207–224). Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Rosa, A. R., Reinares, M., Michalak, E. E., Bonnin, C. M., Sole, B., Franco, C., Comes, M., Torrent, C., Kapczinski, F., & Vieta, E. (2010). Functional impairment and disability across mood states in bipolar disorder. Value in Health, 13, 984–988. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-4733.2010.00768.x CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rush, A. J., Trivedi, M. H., Ibrahim, H. M., Carmody, T. J., Arnow, B., Klein, D. N., Markowitz, J. C., Ninan, P. T., Kornstein, S., Manber, R., Thase, M. E., Kocsis, J. H., & Keller, M. B. (2003). The 16-Item Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (QIDS), clinician rating (QIDS-C), and self-report (QIDS-SR): a psychometric evaluation in patients with chronic major depression. Biological Psychiatry, 54, 573–583. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3223(02)01866-8 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sabourin, S., & Gendreau, P. (1988). Assessing client satisfaction with mental health treatment among French-Canadians. Applied Psychology, 37, 327–335. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.1988.tb01146.x Google Scholar
Sabourin, S., Pérusse, D., & Gendreau, P. (1989). Les qualités psychométriques de la version canadienne-française du Questionnaire de Satisfaction du Consommateur de services psychothérapeutiques (QSC-8 et QSC-18B). [The psychometric qualities of the Canadian-French version of the Client Satisfaction Questionnaire for psychotherapeutic services (CSQ-8 and CSQ-18B)]. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 21, 147–159. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0079853 Google Scholar
Schaitz, C., Kroener, J., Maier, A., Connemann, B. J., & Sosic-Vasic, Z. (2020). Short imagery rescripting intervention to treat emotionally dysregulated behavior in borderline personality disorder: an exploratory study. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 425. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00425 Google ScholarPubMed
Simhandl, C., König, B., & Amann, B. L. (2014). A prospective 4-year naturalistic follow-up of treatment and outcome of 300 bipolar I and II patients. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 75, 254–263. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.13m08601 Google ScholarPubMed
Singh, L., Espinosa, L., Ji, J. L., Moulds, M. L., & Holmes, E. A. (2020). Developing thinking around mental health science: the example of intrusive, emotional mental imagery after psychological trauma. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 25, 348–363.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steel, C., Wright, K., Goodwin, G., Simon, J., Morant, N., Taylor, R., Brown, M., Jennings, S., Hales, S., & Holmes, E. (2020). The IBER study: study protocol for a feasibility randomised controlled trial of Imagery Based Emotion Regulation for the treatment of anxiety in bipolar disorder. Pilot and Feasibility Studies, 6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40814-020-00628-8 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Steel, C., Wright, K., Goodwin, G. M., Simon, J., Morant, N., Taylor, R. S., … & Holmes, E. A. (2023). The IBER study: a feasibility randomised controlled trial of imagery based emotion regulation for the treatment of anxiety in bipolar disorder. International Journal of Bipolar Disorders, 11, 27.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stopa, L. (2021). Imagery in Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy. Guilford Publications.Google Scholar
Stopa, L., & Beck, J. S. (2021). Imagery in Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (1st edn). Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Strejilevich, S., Szmulewicz, A., Igoa, A., Marengo, E., Caravotta, P., & Martino, D. (2019). Episodic density, subsyndromic symptoms, and mood instability in late-life bipolar disorders: a 5-year follow-up study. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 34, 950–956. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.5094 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sylvia, L. G., Montana, R. E., Deckersbach, T., Thase, M. E., Tohen, M., Reilly-Harrington, N., McInnis, M. G., Kocsis, J. H., Bowden, C., Calabrese, J., Gao, K., Ketter, T., Shelton, R. C., McElroy, S. L., Friedman, E. S., Rabideau, D. J., & Nierenberg, A. A. (2017). Poor quality of life and functioning in bipolar disorder. International Journal of Bipolar Disorders, 5, 10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40345-017-0078-4 Google ScholarPubMed
The jamovi project (2021). jamovi (vrsion 1.6) [computer software]. Available at: https://www.jamovi.org Google Scholar
Townsend, J., & Altshuler, L. L. (2012). Emotion processing and regulation in bipolar disorder: a review. Bipolar Disorders, 14, 326–339. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-5618.2012.01021.x CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Trivedi, M. H., Rush, A. J., Ibrahim, H. M., Carmody, T. J., Biggs, M. M., Suppes, T., Crismon, M. L., Shores-Wilson, K., Toprac, M. G., Dennehy, E. B., Witte, B., & Kashner, T. M. (2004). The Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology, Clinician Rating (IDS-C) and Self-Report (IDS-SR), and the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology, Clinician Rating (QIDS-C) and Self-Report (QIDS-SR) in public sector patients with mood disorders: a psychometric evaluation. Psychological Medicine, 34, 73–82. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291703001107 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van den Berg, K. C., Hendrickson, A. T., Hales, S. A., Voncken, M., & Keijsers, G. P. J. (2023). Comparing the effectiveness of imagery focused cognitive therapy to group psychoeducation for patients with bipolar disorder: a randomised trial. Journal of Affective Disorders, 320, 691–700. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2022.09.160 Google Scholar
Van Rheenen, T. E., Murray, G., & Rossell, S. L. (2015). Emotion regulation in bipolar disorder: profile and utility in predicting trait mania and depression propensity. Psychiatry Research, 225, 425–432. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2014.12.001 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wolkenstein, L., Zwick, J. C., Hautzinger, M., & Joormann, J. (2014). Cognitive emotion regulation in euthymic bipolar disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 160, 92–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2013.12.022 Google ScholarPubMed
World Health Organization (2008). The global burden of disease: 2004 update. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/43942 Google Scholar
Zuromski, K. L., Ustun, B., Hwang, I., Keane, T. M., Marx, B. P., Stein, M. B., Ursano, R. J., & Kessler, R. C. (2019). Developing an optimal short-form of the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5). Depression and Anxiety, 36, 790–800. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22942 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Supplementary material: File

Paulet and Weiner supplementary material 1

Paulet and Weiner supplementary material
Download Paulet and Weiner supplementary material 1(File)
File 23.2 KB
Supplementary material: File

Paulet and Weiner supplementary material 2

Paulet and Weiner supplementary material
Download Paulet and Weiner supplementary material 2(File)
File 315.8 KB
Submit a response

Comments

No Comments have been published for this article.