Hostname: page-component-7b9c58cd5d-g9frx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-03-15T21:39:12.209Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The neurochemistry of defensive behavior and fear

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 February 2010

Klaus A. Miczek
Klaus A. Miczek
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, Mass. 02155
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Open Peer Commentary
Information
Behavioral and Brain Sciences , Volume 3 , Issue 2 , June 1980 , pp. 313 - 314
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1980

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adams, D. B. (1979a) Brain mechanisms for offense, defense, and submission. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 2:201–241. [DBA, DCB, RCB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adams, D. B. (1979b) Inborn and acquired aspects of offense and defense motivational systems in muroid rodents: Role of memory. In: Oniani, T. (ed.), Neurophysiological Bases of Memory. USSR, Tbilisi, [DBA]Google Scholar
Adams, D. B. (1980) Motor patterns and motivational systems of social behavior in male rats and stumptail macaques: Are they homologous? Paper at biennial meeting of International Society for Research on Aggression. Abstract to be published in Aggressive Behavior. [DBA]Google Scholar
Adams, D. B. (submitted for publication) Motivational systems of agonistic behavior in muroid rodents: A comparative review and neural model. [DBA]Google Scholar
Amsel, A. (1958) The role of frustrative non-reward in non-continuous reward situations. Psychological Bulletin, 55:102–119. [JAG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Appley, M. H. (1962) Motivation, threat perception, and the induction of psychological stress. Proceedings of the Sixteenth International Congress of Psychology, Bonn, 1960, pp. 880–881 (abstract). Amsterdam, North Holland Publishers. [MHA]Google Scholar
Appley, M. H., and Trumbull, R., eds. (1967) Psychological stress. New York, Appleton-Century-Crofts. [MHA]Google Scholar
Beach, F. A. (1955) The descent of instinct. Psychological Review, 62:401–410. [RCB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beck, A. (1976) Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorders. New York, International Univ. Press. [CRC]Google Scholar
Beecher, H. K. (1959) Measurement of subjective responses: Quantitative effects of drugs. New York, Oxford Univ. Press. [CRC, RD, CJV]Google Scholar
Beitel, R. E., and Dubner, R.Responses of unmyelinated (C) polymodal nociceptors to thermal stimuli applied to monkey's face. Journal of Neurophysiology, 39:1160–1175. [DBO]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Belluzzi, J. D., Grant, N., Garsky, V., Sarantakis, D., Wise, C. D., & Stein, L. (1976) Analgesia induced in vivo by central administration of enkephalin in rat. Nature, 260:625–626. [RCB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bindra, D. (1976) A theory of intelligent behavior. New York, Wiley. [DBi]Google Scholar
Bindra, D. (1978) How adaptive behavior is produced: A perceptual-motivational alternative to response-reinforcement. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1:41–52. [MHA, DBi, RCB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bindra, D. (1979) Motivation, the brain, and psychological theory. Paper presented at the Centennial Symposium of the American Psychological Association Meeting, New York, [DBI]Google Scholar
Bird, S. J. & Kuhar, M. J. (1977) Iontophoretic application of opiates to the locus coeruleus. Brain Research, 122:523–533. [JAG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Black, A. H. (1971) Autonomic aversive conditioning in infrahuman subjects. In: Brush, F. R. (ed.), Aversive conditioning and learning. New York, Academic Press. [RCB]Google Scholar
Black, A. H., & de Toledo, L. (1972) The relationship among classically conditioned responses: Heart rate and skeletal behavior. In: Black, A. H. & Prokasy, W. F. (eds). Classical conditioning II: Current research and theory. New York, Appleton-Century-Crofts. [RCB]Google Scholar
Blanchard, R. J., & Blanchard, D. C. (1969a) Crouching as an index of fear. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 67:370–375. [RCB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blanchard, R. J., & Blanchard, D. C. (1969b) Passive and active reactions to fear eliciting stimuli. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 68:129–135. [DCB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blanchard, R. J., & Blanchard, D. C. (1971) Defensive reactions in the albino rat. Learning and motivation, 2:351–362. [RCB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blanchard, R. J., & Blanchard, D. C. (1977) Aggressive behavior in the rat. Behavioral Biology, 21:197–224. [DCB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blanchard, R. J., Blanchard, D. C, & Takahashi, L. K. (1977) Reflexive fighting in the rat: Aggressive or defensive behavior? Aggressive Behavior, 3:145–155. [RCB]3.0.CO;2-Z>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blanchard, R. J., Kleinschmidt, C. F., Fukunaga-Stinson, C., and Blanchard, D. C. (1980) Defensive attack behavior in male and female rats. Animal Learning and Behavior, 8:177–183. [RCB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bloom, F., Segal, D., Ling, N., and Guillemin, R. (1976) Endorphins: Profound behavioral effects in rats suggest new etiological factors in mental illness. Science, 194:630–632. [YFJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bodnar, R. J., Kelley, D., & Glusman, M. (1978) Stress-induced analgesia: Time course of pain reflex alterations following cold water swims. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 11:333–336. [RCB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bodnar, R. J., Kelly, D. D., Spiaggia, A. G., Ehrenberg, C., & Clusman, M. (1978) Dose-dependent reductions by naloxone of analgesia induced by cold-water stress. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 8:667–672. [RCB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bolles, R. C. (1970) Species-specific defense reactions and avoidance learning. Psychological Review, 77:32–48. [DCB, RCB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bolles, R. C. (1971) Species-specific defense reactions. In: Brush, F. R. (ed.), Aversive conditioning and learning. New York, Academic Press. [RCB]Google Scholar
Bolles, R. C. (1972) The avoidance learning problem. In: Bower, C. H. (ed). The psychology of learning and motivation, vol 6. New York, Academic Press. [RCB]Google Scholar
Bolles, R. C. (1975) Theory of motivation, 2nd ed.New York, Harper and Row, [RCB)Google Scholar
Bolles, R. C. (1978) The role of stimulus learning in defensive behavior. In: Hulse, S. H., Fowler, H. & Honig, W. K. (eds.), Cognitive processes in animal behavior. Hillsdale, N. J., Erlbaum. [RCB]Google Scholar
Bolles, R. C. (1979) The nonextinction of fear: Operation bootstrap. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 2:167–168. [RCB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bolles, R. C, & Bouton, M. E. (1978) Freezing as an index of fear conditioning. Paper presented at the meeting of the Psychonomic Society, San Antonio. [RCB]Google Scholar
Bolles, R. C., & Collier, A. C. (1976) Effect of predictive cues on freezing in rats. Animal Learning Behavior, 4:6–8. [RCB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bolles, R. C., & Riley, A. L. (1973) Freezing as an avoidance response: Another look at the operant-respondent distinction. Learning and Motivation, 4:268–275. [RCB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boring, E. C. (1942) Sensation and perception in the history of experimental psychology. New York, Appleton-Century-Crofts. [RD]Google Scholar
Botticelli, L. J., and Wurtman, R. J. (1980) Endorphin and corticotropin regulate the activity of septal-hippocampal cholinergic neurons. In: Way, E. L. (ed.). Endogenous and exogenous opiate agonists and antagonists. Oxford, Pergamon, in press. [YFJ]Google Scholar
Bouton, M. E, & Bolles, R. C. (1979) Contextual control of the extinction of conditioned fear. Learning and Motivation, 10:445–466. [RCB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bregadze, A. N. (1953) On the problem of the elaboration of the conditioned defensive reflex in dogs [In Russian]. Trudy Instituta Fiziologii im. I. Beritashvili, Akademia Nauk Gruzin SSR, 9:43–59. [EF]Google Scholar
Cannon, J. T., Liebeskind, J. C. & Frenk, H. (1978) Neural and neurochemical mechanisms of pain inhibition. In: Sternbach, R. A. (ed), The psychology of pain. New York, Raven Press. [RCB]Google Scholar
Cannon, W. B. (1929/1939) Bodily changes in pain, hunger, fear and rage. (New York, Appleton; 1929; The wisdom of the body.) 2nd ed., New York, Norton. 1939. [MHA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chance, W. T., White, A. C., Krynock, G. M., & Rosecrans, J. A. (1978) Conditioned fear-induced antinociception and decreased binding of [3H] N-Leuenkephalin to rat brain. Brain Research, 141:371–374. [RCB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chapman, C. R. (1978) Pain: The perception of noxious events. In: Sternbach, R. A. (ed), The psychology of pain. New York, Raven Press. [RCB]Google Scholar
Chapman, C. R., & Wyckoff, M. (in press) The problem of pain: A psychobiologic perspective. In: Haynes, N. (ed), Psychosomatic diseases: A psychophysiological approach to etiology and treatment. New York, Gardner Press. [RCB]Google Scholar
Clark, M. M., and Galef, B. G. (1977) The role of the physical rearing environment in the domestication of the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus). Animal Behaviour, 25: 298–316. [DBA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cofer, C. N., and Appley, M. H. (1964) Motivation: Thoery and research. New York, Wiley. [MHA]Google Scholar
Conner, R. L., Stolk, J. M., Barchas, J. D., and Levine, S. (1970) Parachlorophenylalanine and habituation to repetitive auditory startle stimuli in rats. Physiology and Behavior, 5:1215–1219. [BE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coren, S., Porac, C., & Ward, L. M. (1979) Sensation and perception. New York, Academic Press. [GG]Google Scholar
Corrodi, H., Fuxe, K., Lidbrink, P., & Olson, L. (1971) Minor tranquilizers, stress and central catecholamine neurons. Brain Research, 29:1–16. [JAC]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Craig, K. D. (1975) Social modeling determinants of pain processes. Pain, 1:375–378. [RCB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crowley, W. R., Rodriquez-Sierra, J. P., & Komisaruk, B. R. (1977) Analgesia induced by vaginal stimulation in rats is apparently independent of a morphine-sensitive process. Psychopharmacology, 54:223–225. [RCB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dennis, S. G., and Melzack, R. (1979) Comparison of phasic and tonic pain in animals. In: Bonica, J. J., Liebeskind, J. C., and Albe-Fessard, D. (eds.), Advances in pain research and therapy, pp. 747–760. New York, Raven Press, [RM]Google Scholar
Dewsbury, D. A. (1975) Diversity and adaptation in rodent copulatory behavior. Science, 190:947–954. [DBA]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dobzhansky, T. (1937) Genetics and the origin of species. New York, Columbia Univ. Press. [DBA]Google Scholar
Dubner, R., & Hayes, R. L. (1979) Pain mechanisms in the trigeminal system. In: Beers, R. F. Jr, and Bassett, E. G. (eds), Mechanisms of pain and analgesis compounds. New York, Raven Press. [RLH]Google Scholar
Dubuisson, D., and Melzack, R. (1976) Classification of clinical pain descriptors by multiple group discriminant analysis. Experimental Neurology, 51:480–487. [RM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dworkin, B. R., Filewich, R. J., Miller, N. E., Craigmyle, N., & Pickering, T. G. (1979) Baroreceptor activation reduces reactivity to noxious stimulation: Implications for hypertension. Science, 205:1299–1301. [RWH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Edmunds, M. (1974) Defense in animals. Essex, Longmans Press. [DCB, RCB]Google Scholar
Ehrman, R. N., Josephson, P. J., Schull, J. & Sparich, C. (1979) An assessment of the behavioral effects of the endorphin system with instrumental and classical conditioning paradigms. Paper presented at the meeting of the Eastern Psychological Association, New York. [RCB, EF]Google Scholar
Eichelman, B. (1971) Effect of subcortical lesions on shock-induced aggression in the rat. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 74:331–339. [BE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eichelman, B., & Thoa, N. B. (1973) The aggressive monoamines. Biological Psychiatry, 6:143–164. [BE]Google ScholarPubMed
Eichelman, B., Thoa, N. B., & Ng, K. Y. (1972) Facilitated aggression in the rat following 6-hydroxydopamine administration. Physiology and Behavior, 8:1–3. [BE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Estes, W. K. (1969) Outline of a theory of punishment. In: Campbell, B. A., & Church, R. M. (eds.), Punishment and aversive behavior. New York, Appleton-Century-Crofts. [RCB]Google Scholar
Estes, W. K., & Skinner, B. F. (1941) Some quantitative properties of anxiety. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 29:390–400. [RCB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eysenck, H. J. (1967) The biological basis of personality. Springfield, Thomas. [HJE]Google Scholar
Eysenck, H. J. (1979) The conditioning model of neurosis. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 2:155–199. [HJE]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eysenck, H. J. (ed.) (1980) A model for personality. New York. [HJE]Google Scholar
Fanselow, M. S. (1979) Naloxone attenuates rat's preference for signaled shock. Physiological Psychology, 7:70–74. [RCB)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fanselow, M. S., & Bolles, R. C. (1979a) Triggering of the endorphin analgesic reaction by a cue previously associated with shock: Reversal by naloxone. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society. 14:88–90 [RCB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fanselow, M. S., & Bolles, R. C. (1979b) Naloxone and shock-elicited freezing in the rat. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 93:736–744. [RCB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fields, H. L., & Anderson, S. D. (1978) Evidence that raphe-spinal neurons mediate opiate and midbrain stimulation produced analgesia. Pain, 5:333–349. [HLF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fonberg, E. (1952) New method of extinction and differentiation of defensive reflex type II (avoidance). Paper presented at the Meeting of the Department of Neurophysiology, the Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Lodz, Poland. [EF]Google Scholar
Fonberg, E. (1958a) On the defensive conditioned reflexes type II [in Russian]. International symposium “Central and Peripheral Mechanisms of the Motor Functions,” Osieczna, Poland, 1958, pp. 124–134. Moscow, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1960. [EF]Google Scholar
Fonberg, E. (1958b) Transfer of instrumental avoidance reactions in dogs. Bulletin de l'Académie Polonaise des Sciences, Série des sciences biologiques, 8:353–356. [EF]Google Scholar
Fonberg, E. (1958c) The manifestation of the defensive reactions in neurotic states. Acta Biologiae Experimentalis, 18:89–116. [EF]Google Scholar
Fonberg, E. (1961) On the transfer of two different defensive conditioned reflexes type II. Bulletin de l'Académie Polonaise des Sciences, Série des sciences biologiques. 9:47–49, [EF]Google Scholar
Fonberg, E. (1962) Transfer of the conditioned avoidance reaction to the unconditioned noxious stimuli. Acta Biologiae Experimentalis, 22:251–258. [EF]Google Scholar
Fordyce, W. E. (1976) Behavioral methods for chronic pain and illness. St. Louis. Mosby. [RCB, CRC]Google Scholar
Fratta, W., Yang, H.Y.T., Hong, J., & Costa, E. (1977) Stability of metenkephalin content in brain structures of morphine-dependent and foot shock-stressed rats. Nature, 268:452–453. [RLH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frederickson, R. C. A., Burgis, V., & Edwards, J. D. (1977) Hyperalgesia induced by naloxone follows diurnal rhythm in responsivity to painful stimuli. Science, 198:756–758. [RCB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Garcia, J., Rusiniak, K. W., & Brett, L. P. (1977) Conditioned food-illness aversions in wild animals. In: Davis, H. & Hurwitz, H. M. B. (eds), Operant-Povtovian interactions. Hillsdale, N.J., Erlbaum. [RCB]Google Scholar
Geist, V. (1978) On weapons, combat, and ecology. In: Krames, L., Pliner, P., & Alloway, T. (eds.), Aggression, dominance and individual spacing. New York, Plenum. [RCB]Google Scholar
Gibson, J. J. (1977) The theory of affordances. In: Shaw, R. & Bransford, J. (eds.) Perceiving, acting and knowing: Toward an ecological psychology. Hillsdale, N.J., Erlbaum. [RCB]Google Scholar
Goldstein, A., Tachibana, S., Lowney, L. I., Hunkapiller, M., and Hood, L. (1979) Dynorphin (1–13), an extraordinarily potent opioid peptide. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the U.S.A., 76:6666–6670. [YFJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grant, D. A. (1964) Classical and operant conditioning. In: Melton, A. W. (ed.), Categories of human learning, New York: Academic Press. [HJE]Google Scholar
Gray, J. A. (1967) Disapppointment and drugs in the rat. Advancement of Science, 23:595–605. [JAG]Google ScholarPubMed
Gray, J. A. (1970a) Sodium amobarbital, the hippocampal theta rhythm and the partial reinforcement extinction effect. Psychological Review, 77:465–480. [JAG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gray, J. A. (1970b) The psychophysiological basis of introversion-extraversion. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 8:249–266. [JAG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gray, J. A. (1971) The psychology of fear and stress. London, Weidenfeld & Nicolson. [JAG]Google Scholar
Gray, J. A. (1972) The structure of the emotions and the limbic system: A theoretical model. In: Porter, R. and Knight, J. (eds), Physiology, emotion and psychosomatic illness, Ciba Foundation Symposium, 8 (new series). Amsterdam, Associated Scientific Publishers. [JAG]Google Scholar
Gray, J. A. (1973) Causal theories of personality and how to test them. In: Royce, J. R. (ed.), Multivariate analysis and psychological theory. London and New York, Academic Press. [JAG]Google Scholar
Gray, J. A. (1975) Elements of a two-process theory of learning. London and New York, Academic Press. [JAG]Google Scholar
Gray, J. A. (1977) Drug effects on fear and frustration: Possible limbic site of action of minor tranquilizers. In: Iversen, L. L., Iversen, S. D., & Snyder, S. H. (eds.). Handbook of psychopharmacology: 8, Drugs, neurotransmitters and behavior. New York and London, Plenum Press. [JAG]Google Scholar
Gray, J. A. (1978) The neuropsychology of anxiety. British Journal of Psychology, 69:417–434. [JAG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gray, J. A. (In preparation) The neuropsychology of anxiety: An enquiry into the functions of the septo-hippocampal system. [JAG]Google Scholar
Gray, J. A., & Garrud, P. (1977) Adreno-pituitary hormones and frustative nonreward. In: Miller, L. H., Sandman, C. A., and Kastin, A. B.. (eds.). Neuropeptide influences on the brain and behavior. Advances in biochemical psychopharmacology, 17, pp. 201–212. New York, Raven. [JAG]Google Scholar
Gray, J. A., McNaughton, N., James, D. T. D., & Kelly, P. H. (1975) Effect of minor tranquilizers on hippocampal theta rhythm mimicked by depletion of forebrain noradrenaline. Nature, 258:424–425. [JAG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grevert, P., & Goldstein, A. (1977) Some effects of naloxone on behavior in the mouse. Psychopharmacology, 53:111–113. [RCB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grossen, N. E., & Kelley, M. J. (1972) Species-specific behavior in rats. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 81:307–310. [RCB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grossman, S. P. (1978) An experimental “dissection” of the septal syndrome. In: Elliott, K. and Whelan, J. (eds.). Functions of the septo-hippocampal system, Ciba Foundation Symposium, 58 (new series), Amsterdam, Elsevier. [JAG]Google Scholar
Guillemin, R., Vargo, T., Rossier, J., Minick, S., Ling, N., Rivier, C., Vale, W., & Bloom, F. (1977) B-endorphin and adrenocorticotrophin are secreted concomitantly by the pituitary gland. Science, 197:1367–1369. [RLH, YFJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guthrie, E. R. (1935) The psychology of learning. New York, Harper and Row. [RCB]Google Scholar
Hamilton, B. L. (1973) Projections of the nuclei of the periaqueductal gray matter in the cat. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 152:45–58. [TLY]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hayes, R. L. (1979) Behavioral and physiological studies of environmentally-induced analgesia. Paper presented at the meeting of the Eastern Psychological Association, New York. [RCB]Google Scholar
Hayes, R. L., Bennett, G. J., Newlon, P. G., & Mayer, D. J. (1978) Behavioral and physiological studies of non-narcotic analgesia in the rat elicited by certain environmental stimuli. Brain Research, 155:69–90. [RLH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hayes, R. L., Price, D. D., Bennett, G. J., Wilcox, G. L., & Mayer, D. J. (1978) Differential effects of spinal cord lesions on narcotic and non-narcotic suppression of nociceptive reflexes: Further evidence for the physiologic multiplicity of pain modulation. Brain Research, 155:91–101. [RLH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hayes, R. L., Price, D. D., & Dubner, R. (1977) Naloxone antagonism as evidence for narcotic mechanisms. Science, 196:600 [RD, RLH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hayes, R. L., Price, D. D., & Dubner, R. (1979) Behavioral and physiological studies of sensory coding and modulation of trigeminal nociceptive input. In: Advances in Pain Research and Therapy, 3. New York, Raven Press. [RLH]Google Scholar
Hayes, R. L., Price, D. D., Ruda, M., and Dubner, R. (1979) Suppression of nociceptive responses in the primate by electrical stimulation of the brain or morphine administration: Behavioural and electrophysiological comparisons. Brain Research, 167:417–421. [DBO]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Head, H., Rivers, W. H. R., and Sherren, J. (1905) The afferent nervous system from a new aspect. Brain, 28:99–115. [DBO]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hearst, E., & Jenkins, H. M. (1974) Sign-tracing: The stimulus reinforcer relation and directed action. Austin, Texas, Psychonomic Society. [RCB]Google Scholar
Hebb, D. O. (1946) On the nature of fear. Psychological Review, 53:259–276. [RCB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hebb, D. O. (1949) The organization of behavior. New York, Wiley. [RM]Google Scholar
Hilgard, E. R., & Hilgard, J. R. (1975) Hypnosis in the relief of pain. Los Altos, Calif., Kaufman. [RCB]Google Scholar
Hill, H. E., Kornetsky, C. H., Flanary, H. C, and Wilker, A. (1952) Studies on anxiety associated with anticipation of pain: I. Effects of morphine. Archives of Neuroloy and Psychiatry, 67:612–619. [RD]Google Scholar
Hirsch, S. M., and Bolles, R. C. (in press) Innate predator recognition in two subspecies of peromyscus. Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie. [RCB]Google Scholar
Hodgson, R., & Rachman, S. (1974) Desynchrony in measures of fear. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 12:319–326. [HJE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hokfelt, T., Ljungdahl, L., Terenius, L., Elde, R. & Nilsson, G. (1977) Immunohistochemical analysis of peptide pathways possibly related to pain and analgesia: Enkephalin and substance P. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the U.S.A., 74:3081–3085. [HLF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holland, P. C. (1977) Conditioned stimulus as a determinant of the form of the Pavlovian conditioned response. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavioral Processes, 3:77–104. [RCB]Google ScholarPubMed
Hughes, J. (1975) Isolation of an endogenous compound from the brain with pharmacological properties similar to morphine. Brain Research, 88:295–308. [RCB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hughes, J., Smith, T. W., Kosterlitz, H. W., Fothergill, L. A., Morgan, B. A., and Morris, H. R. (1975) Identification of two related pentapeptides from the brain with potent opiate agonist activity. Nature, 258:577–579. [YFJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hull, C. L. (1943) Principles of behavior. New York, Appleton-Century-Crofts. [DBi]Google Scholar
Ide, M., Tanaka, A., Nakamura, M., Okabayashi, T. (1972) Stimulation by ACTH analogs of rat adrenal adenyl cyclase activity: Correlation with steroidogenic activity. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 149:189–196 [YFJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jacob, J. J., Tremblay, E. L., & Colombel, M. C. (1974) Facilitation de réactions nocioceptives par la naloxone chez la souris et chez le rat. Psychopharmacotogia. 37:217–223. [RCB, HLF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacquet, Y. F. (1978) Opiate effects after adrenocorticotropin or B-endorphin injection in the periaqueductal gray matter of rats. Science, 201:1032–1034. [YFJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jacquet, Y. F. (1979) B-endorphin and ACTH: Opiate peptides with coordinated roles in the regulation of behavior? Trends in Neurosciences, 2(6): 140–143. [YFJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacquet, Y. F. and Marks, N. (1976) The C-fragment of B-lipotropin: An endogenous neuroleptic or antipsychotogen? Science, 194:632–635. [RCB, YFJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
James, W.The principles of psychology, II. (1980) New York, Holt. [BE]Google Scholar
Johnson, J. E. (1973) Effects of accurate expectations about sensations on the sensory and distress components of pain. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 27:261–275. [CRC]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jurna, I., and Heinz, G. (1979) Differential effects of morphine and opioid analgesics on A and C-fibre-evoked activity in ascending axons of the rat spinal cord. Brain Research, 171:573–576. [DBO]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kamin, L. J. (1954) Traumatic avoidance learning: The effects of CS-US interval with a trace-conditioning procedure. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 47:65–72. [EF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kamin, L. J. (1956) The effect of termination of the CS and avoidance of the US on avoidance learning. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 49:420–424. [EF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kangawa, K., and Matsuo, H. (1979) α-neo-endorphin: A “big” leu-enkephalin with potent opiate activity from porcine hypothalami. Biochemical & Biophysical Research Communications, 86:153–160. [YFJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kantor, J. R. (1963) Review of Jones, M. R. (ed.), Nebraska symposium on motivation, 1962, Lincoln, Nebr., Univ. of Nebraska Press, 1962. Psychological Record, 13:234–235. [GG]Google Scholar
Karpicke, J., Christoph, G., Peterson, G., & Hearst, E. (1977) Signal location and positive versus negative conditioned suppression in the rat. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 3:105–118. [RCB]Google Scholar
Kelleher, R. T., and Morse, W. H. (1968) Schedules using noxious stimuli: III. Responding maintained with response-produced electric shocks. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 11:819–838. [CJV]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Keller, F. S., & Schoenfeld, W. N. (1950) Principles of psychology. New York, Appleton-Century-Crofts. [GG]Google Scholar
Kerr, F. W. L., and Lippman, H. H. (1974) The primate spinothalamic tract as demonstrated by anterolateral cordotomy and commissural myelotomy. In: Bonica, J. J. (ed.), Pain. Advances in Neurology, 4, pp. 147–156. New York, Raven Press. [DBO]Google Scholar
Kiser, R. S., Brown, C. A., Sanghera, M. K., & German, D. C. (1980) Dorsal raphe nucleus stimulation reduces centrally-elicited fearlike behavior. Brain Research, in press. [TLY]Google ScholarPubMed
Klee, W. A. (1978) Dual regulation of adenylate cyclase: A biochemical model for opiate tolerance and dependence. In: Fishman, J. (ed.), The bases of addiction, pp. 431–440, Berlin, Dahlem Konferenzen. [YFJ]Google Scholar
Krsiak, M. (1975) Timid singly-housed mice: Their value in prediction of psychotropic activity of drugs. British Journal of Pharmacology, 55:141–150. [KAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kvetnansky, R., Weise, V. K., and Kopin, I. J. (1970) Elevation of adrenal tyrosine hydroxylase and phenylethanolamine-n-methyl transferase by repeated immobilization of rats. Endocrinology, 87:744–749. [BE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lacey, J. I. (1967) Somatic response patterning and stress: Some revisions of activation theory. In: Appley, M. H. and Trumbull, R. (eds.), Psychological stress, pp. 14–42. New York, Appleton-Century-Crofts, [MHA]Google Scholar
Lamprecht, F., Eichelman, B., Thoa, N. B., Williams, R. B., and Kopin, I. J. (1972) Rat fighting behavior: Serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase and hypothalamic tyrosine hydroxylase. Science, 177: 1214–1215. [BE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lazarus, R. S. (1966) Psychological stress and the coping process. New York, McGraw-Hill. [MHA]Google Scholar
Levine, J. D., Gordon, N. C., Jones, R. T., & Fields, H. L. (1978) The narcotic antagonist naloxone enhances clinical pain. Nature, 272:826–827. [RCB, RD, HLF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lewis, R. V., Stern, A. S., Rossier, J., Stein, S. and Udenfriend, S., (1979) Putative enkephalin precursors in bovine adrenal medulla. Biochemical & Biophysical Research Communications, 89:822–829. [YFJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lidbrink, P., Corrodi, H., Fuxe, K., & Olson, L. (1972) Barbiturates and meprobamate: Decreases in catecholamine turnover of central dopamine and noradrenaline neuronal systems and the influence of immobilisation stress. Brain Research, 45:507–524. [JAG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liebman, J. M., Mayer, D. J., & Liebeskind, J. C. (1970) Mesencephalic central gray lesions and fear-motivated behavior in rats. Brain Research, 23:353–370. [TLY]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lineberry, C. G., and Vierck, C. J. (1975) Attenuation of pain reactivity by caudate nucleus stimulation in monkeys. Brain Research, 98:110–134. [CJV]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mackenzie, B. D. (1977) Behaviourism and the limits of scientific method. Atlantic Highlands, N.J., Humanities Press. [GG]Google Scholar
Mackintosh, N. J. (1974) The psychology of animal learning. London, Academic Press. [RCB]Google Scholar
McMurray, G. A. (1955) Cogenital insensitivity to pain and its implications for motivation theory. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 9:650–667. [RCB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Madden, J., Akil, H., Patrick, R. L., & Barchas, J. D. (1977) Stress-induced parallel changes in central opioid levels and pain responsiveness in the rat. Nature, 265:358–360. [RCB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mains, R. E., Eippur, B. A., and Ling, N. (1977) Common precursor to corticotropins and endorphins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the U.S.A., 74:3014–3018. [YFJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mayer, D. J., and Liebeskind, J. C. (1974) Pain reduction by focal electrical stimulation of the brain: An anatomical and behavioral analysis. Brain Research, 68:73–93. [DBA]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mayer, D. J., & Price, D. D. (1976) Central nervous system mechanisms of analgesia. Pain, 2:379–404. [RCB, RD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meichenbaum, D., and Turk, D. (1976) The cognitive-behavioral management of anxiety, anger, and pain. In: Davidson, P. O. (ed.). The behavioral management of anxiety, depression and pain. New York, Brunner/Mazel. [CRC]Google Scholar
Melzack, R. (1973) The puzzle of pain. New York, Basic/Harper Torch-books. [RCB. RM]Google Scholar
Melzack, R. (1975) Prolonged relief of pain by brief intense transcutaneous somatic stimulation. Pain, 1:357–373.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Melzack, R., & Casey, K. L. (1968) Sensory, motivational, and central control determinants of pain: A new conceptual model. In: Kenshalo, D. R. (ed.). The skin senses, pp. 423–443. Springfield, Ill., Thomas. [RD, HLF]Google Scholar
Melzack, R., and Torgerson, W. S. (1971) On the language of pain. Anesthesiology, 34:50–59. [CJV]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Melzack, R., & Wall, P. D. (1965) Pain mechanisms: A new theory. Science, 150:971–979. [RCB, DBO, RD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miczek, K. A. (1974) Intraspecies aggression in rats: Effects of d-amphetamine and chlordiazepoxide. Psychopharmacologia, 39:275–301. [KAM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miczek, K. A. (1980) Pharmacological evidence for catecholamine involvement in animal aggression. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, (in press).Google Scholar
Miczek, K. A., Brykezynski, T., & Grossman, S. P. (1974) Differential effects of lesions in the amygdala, periamygdaloid cortex, or stria terminalis on aggressive behaviors in rats. Journal of Comparative and Physiological, 87:760–771. [KAM]Google ScholarPubMed
Miczek, K. A., and Krsiak, M. (1979) Drug effects on agonistic behavior. In: Thompson, T. & Dews, P. B. (eds.) Advances in behavioral pharmology, vol. 2, pp. 87–162. New York, Academic Press. [KAM]Google Scholar
Millenson, J. R., & de Villiers, P. (1972) Motivational properties of conditioned anxiety. In: Gilbert, R. M. & Millenson, J. R. (eds.), Reinforcement, behavioral analyses. New York, Academic Press. [RCB]Google Scholar
Miller, N. E. (1963) Some reflections on the law of effect produce a new alternative to drive reduction. In: Jones, M. R. (ed.), Nebraska symposium on motivation, Lincoln, Nebr., Univ. of Nebraska Press. [RCB]Google Scholar
Miller, N. E. (1964) The analysis of motivational effects illustrated by experiments on amylobarbitone. In: Steinberg, H. (ed.). Animal behaviour and drug action. London. Churchill, [JAG]Google Scholar
Moore, B. R. (1973) The role of directed Pavlovian reactions in simple instrumental learning in pigeons. In: Hinde, R. A. & Stevenson-Hinde, J. (eds.), Constraints on learning. New York, Academic Press. [RCB]Google Scholar
Moore, F. D. (1965) The endocrine and metabolic basis of surgical care. In: Moyer, C. A., Rhoads, J. E., Allen, J. G., & Harkins, H. N. (eds.). Surgery -principles and practice. Philadelphia, Lippincott. [BE]Google Scholar
Morden, B., Conner, R., Mitchell, G., Dement, W., and Levine, S. (1968) Effects of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep deprivation on shock-induced fighting. Physiology and Behavior, 3:425–432. [BE]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mowrer, O. H. (1939) A stimulus-response analysis of anxiety and its role as a reinforcing agent. Psychological Review, 45:553–564. [RCB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mowrer, O. H. (1947) On the dual nature of learning: A reinterpretation of “conditioning” and “problem-solving.” Harvard Educational Review, 17:102–147. [RCB]Google Scholar
Mowrer, O. H. (1960) Learning theory and behavior. New York, Wiley. [MHA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Myer, J. S. (1971) Some effects of noncontingent aversive stimulation. In: Brush, F. R. (ed.), Aversive conditioning and learning. London and New York, Academic Press. [JAG]Google Scholar
Nemiah, J. C. (1975) Anxiety neurosis. In: Freedman, A. M., Kaplan, H. I., & Sadock, B. J. (eds). Comprehensive textbook of psychiatry. Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins. [RCB]Google Scholar
Nissen, H. W. (1954) The nature of the drive as innate determinant of behavioral organization. In: Jones, M. R. (ed), Nebraska symposium on Motivation, pp. 281–321. Lincoln, Nebr., Univ. of Nebraska Press. [DBi]Google Scholar
North, M. A. (1978) Naloxone reversal of morphine analgesia but failure to alter reactivity to pain in the formalin test. Life Sciences, 22:295–302. [RCB, RLH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pearce, J. M., & Dickinson, A. (1975) Pavlovian counterconditioning: Changing the suppressive properties of shock by association with food. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 2:170–177. [RCB]Google Scholar
Pert, C. B., Kuhar, M. J., & Snyder, S. H. (1976) Opiate receptor: Autoradiographic localization in rat brain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the U.S.A., 73:3729–3733. [HLF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pert, C. B., and Snyder, S. H. (1973) Opiate receptor: Demonstration in nervous tissue. Science, 179:1011–1014. [YFJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Petrova, M. K. (1945) The experimental phobias [in Russian]. Trudy Instituta Fiziologii im. I. P. Pavlova, Akademiya Nauk SSSR, 12:5–34. [EF]Google Scholar
Pilowsky, I., Chapman, C. R., and Bonica, J. J. (1977) Pain, depression and illness behavior in a pain clinic population. Pain, 4:183–192. [CRC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pinel, J. P. J., & Treit, D. (1979) Conditioned defensive burying in rats: Availability of burying material. Animal Learning and Behavior, 7:392–396. [RCB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pitts, F. N. Jr, & McLure, J. N. Jr. (1967) Lactate metabolism in anxiety neurosis. New England Journal of Medicine, 277:1329–1336. [BE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Price, D. D., and Dubner, R. (1977) Neurons that subserve the sensory-discriminative aspects of pain. Pain, 3:307–338. [RD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rachman, S., & Hodgson, R. (1974) Synchrony and desynchrony in fear and avoidance. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 12:311–318. [HJE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rawlins, J.N.P., Feldon, J., & Gray, J. A. (1980) Discrimination of response-contingent and response-independent shock by rats: Effects of chlordiazepoxide HCL and sodium amylobarbitone. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 32, in press. [JAG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Redmond, D. E. Jr, Huang, Y. H., Snyder, D. R., & Maas, J. W. (1976) Behavioral effects of stimulation of the nucleus locus coeruleus in the stumptailed monkey, Macaca arctoides. Brain Research, 116:502–510. [JAG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rescorla, R. A. (1968) Probability of shock in the presence and absence of CS in fear conditioning. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 66:1–5. [RCB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rescorla, R. A. (1973) Second-order conditioning: Implications for theories of learning. In: McGuigan, F. J. & Lumsden, D. B. (eds), Contemporary approaches to conditioning and learning. Washington, DC, Winston. [RCB]Google Scholar
Rescorla, R. A. (1974) Effect of inflation of the unconditioned stimulus value following conditioning. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 86:101–106. [RCB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rescorla, R. A., & Solomon, R. L. (1967) Two-process learning theory: Relationships between Pavlovian conditioning and instrumental learning. Psychological Review, 74:151–182. [RCB, HJE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rescorla, R. A., & Wagner, A. R. (1972) A theory of Pavlovian conditioning: Variations in the effectiveness of reinforcement and nonreinforcement. In: Black, A. H. & Prokasy, W. F. (eds.). Classical conditioning: II. Current research and theory. New York, Appleton-Century-Crofts. [RCB]Google Scholar
Rhodes, D. L., & Liebeskind, J. C. (1978) Analgesia from rostral brain stem stimulation in the rat. Brain Research, 143:521–532. [TLY]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rossier, J., French, E. D., Rivier, C., Ling, N., Guillemin, R., and Bloom, F. E. (1977) Foot-shock induced stress increases B-endorphin levels in blood but not brain. Nature, 270:618–620. [YFJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Routtenberg, A. (1968) The two-arousal hypothesis: Reticular formation and limbic system. Psychological Review, 75:51–80. [HJE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ruth, R. E., and Rosenfeld, J. P. (1977) Tonic reticular activating system: Relationship to aversive brain stimulation effects. Experimental Neurology, 57:41–56. [DBo]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schneiderman, N. (1970) Determinants of heart rate classical conditioning. In: Reynierse, J. (ed.). Current issues in animal learning. Lincoln, Nebr. Univ. of Nebraska Press. [RCB]Google Scholar
Sherman, J. E., & Liebeskind, J. C. (1979) An endorphinergic, centrifugal substrate of pain modulation: Recent findings, current concepts and complexities. Proceedings, Association for Research in Nervous and Mental Diseases. New York, Raven Press. [RCB]Google Scholar
Siegel, S. (1977) Morphine tolerance acquisition as an associative process. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 3:1–13. [RCB]Google ScholarPubMed
Simon, E. J., Hiller, J. M., and Edelman, I. (1973) Stereospecific binding of the potent narcotic analgesic (3H) etorphine to rat-brain homogenate. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the U.S.A., 70:1947–1949. [YFJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sjölund, B. H., and Eriksson, M. B. E. (1979) The influence of naloxone and analgesia produced by peripheral conditioning stimulation. Brain Research, 173:295–302. [DBo]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Skinner, B. F. (1953) Science and human behavior. New York, Macmillan. [GG]Google Scholar
Sołtysik, S. (1960) Studies on the avoidance conditioning: II. Differentiation and extinction of avoidance reflexes. Acta Biologiae Experimentalis, 20:171–182. [EF]Google Scholar
Sternbach, R. A. (1974) Pain patients - traits and treatment. New York, Academic Press. [CRC]Google Scholar
Tenen, S. S. (1967) The effects of p-chlorophenylalanine, a serotonin depletor, on avoidance acquisition, pain sensitivity and related behavior in the rat. Psychopharmacologia, 10:204–219. [BE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Terenius, L. (1973) Characteristics of the receptor for narcotic analgesics in synaptic plasma membrane fraction from rat brain. Acta Pharmacologica et-Toxicologica, 33:377–384. [YFJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Terenius, L. (1976) Somatostatin and ACTH are peptides with partial antagonist-like selectivity for opiate receptors. European Journal of Pharmacology, 38:211–213. [YFJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Testa, T. J. (1974) Causal relationships and the acquisition of avoidance responses. Psychological Review, 81:491–505. [RCB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tseng, L., Loh, M. M., & Li, C. H. (1976) B-endorphin as a potent analgesic by intravenous injection. Nature, 263:239–240. [RCB, YFJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Vugt, D. A., Bruni, J. F. & Meites, J. (1978) Naloxone inhibition of stress-induced increase in prolectic secretion. Life Sciences, 22:85–90. [RCB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vierck, C. J. Jr, Hamilton, D. M., and Thornby, J. I. (1971) Pain reactivity of monkeys after lesions to the dorsal and lateral columns of the spinal cord. Experimental Brain Research, 13:140–158. [CJV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wagner, A. R. (1966) Frustration and punishment. In: Haber, R. M. (ed), Current research on motivation. New York, Holt, Rinehart and Winston. [JAG]Google Scholar
Wagner, A. R. (1971) Elementary associations. In: Kendler, H. H. & Spence, J. T. (eds.), Essays in neobehaviorism: A memorial volume to Kenneth W. Spence. New York, Appleton-Century-Crofts. [RCB]Google Scholar
Wagner, A. R. (1978) Expectancies and the priming of STM. In: Hulse, S. H., Fowler, H., & Honig, W. K. (eds.) Cognitive processes in animal behavior. Hillsdale, N.J., Erlbaum. [RCB]Google Scholar
Walker, J. M., Bernston, G. G., Sandman, C. A., Coy, D. H., Schally, A. V., & Kastin, A. J. (1977) An analog of enkephalin having prolonged opiate-like effects in vivo. Science, 196:85–87. [RCB, GG]Google ScholarPubMed
Wall, P. D. (1979) On the relation of injury to pain. Pain, 6:253–264. [RCB. RD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Warner, L. H. (1932) An experimental search for the conditioned response. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 41:91–115. [RCB]Google Scholar
Werka, T., and Zieliński, K. (1978) Effects of lesions in the amygdaloid nucleus centralis on acquisition and retention of avoidance reflexes in cats. Acta Neurobiologiae Experimental, 38:247–270. [EF]Google ScholarPubMed
Wilson, E. O. (1975) Sociobiology. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard Univ. Press. [GG]Google Scholar
Woolf, C. J., Barrett, G. D., Mitchell, D., & Myers, R. A. (1977) Naloxone-reversible peripheral electroanalgesia in intact and spinal rats. European Journal of Pharmacology, 45:311–314. [HLF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yaksh, T. L. (1979) Central nervous system sites mediating opiate analgesia. In: Bonica, J. J. et al. (eds.), Advances in pain research and therapy, vol. 3, pp. 411–426. New York, Raven Press. [TLY]Google Scholar
Yaksh, T. L., & Rudy, T. A. (1978) Narcotic analgetics: CNS sites and mechanisms of action as revealed by intrathecal injection techniques. Pain, 4:299–359. [TLY]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yaksh, T. L., & Tyce, G. M. (1979) Microinjection of morphine into the periaqueductal gray evokes the release of serotonin from spinal cord. Brain Research, 171:176–181. [TLY]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Young, W. S. III, Bird, S. J. & Kuhar, M. J: (1977) Iontophoresis of methionine-enkephalin in the locus coeruleus area. Brain Research, 129:366–370. [JAG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zieliński, K. (1972) Effects of prefrontal lesions on avoidance and escape reflexes. Acta Neurobiologiae Experimental, 32:393–415. [EF]Google ScholarPubMed