Aasman, J. & Michon, J. A. (1992) Multitasking in driving. In: Soar: A cognitive architecture in perspective, ed. Michon, J. A. & Akyürek, A.. Kluwer. [JAM]Google Scholar

Anderson, J. R. (1976) Language, memory and thought. Erlbaum. [rAN, JMC]Google Scholar

Anderson, J. R. (1983) The architecture of cognition. Harvard University Press. [arAN, JMC, SL, KJV]Google Scholar

Anderson, J. R. (1990) The adaptive character of thought. Erlbaum. [RWR]Google Scholar

Anderson, J. R. & Bower, G. (1973) Human associative memory. Winston. [rAN]Google Scholar

Baars, B. J. (1988) A cognitive theory of consciousness. Cambridge University Press (Cambridge). [MVL]Google Scholar

Baddeley, A. D. (1986) Working memory. Oxford University Press (Oxford). [RAC]Google Scholar

Baron, S., Kleinman, D., & Levison, W. (1970) An optimal control model of human response. Automatica 5:337–69. [SKC]Google Scholar

Bickerton, D. (1990) Language and species. University of Chicago Press. [DB]Google Scholar

Bingham, G. P., Schmidt, R. C. & Rosenblum, L. D. (1989) Hefting for a maximum distance throw: A smart perceptual mechanism. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 15:507–28. [KJV]Google Scholar

Bobrow, D. & Winograd, T. (1977) An overview of KRL, a knowledge representation language. Cognitive Science 1:3–46. [EC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Booth, T. L. (1967) Sequential machines and automata theory. Wiley. [JTT]Google Scholar

Bower, G. H. (1975) Cognitive psychology: An introduction. In: Handbook of learning and cognitive processes, vol. 1, ed. Estes, W. K.. Erlbaum. [NHF]Google Scholar

Brentano, F. (1874) Psychology from an empirical standpoint. Duncker & Humbolt. Reprinted 1973; Humanities Press. [aAN]Google Scholar

Broadbent, D. (1990) A problem looking for solutions: A feature review of Cognitive science and its applications for human computer interaction, ed. Raymonde Guindon, and The psychology of human computer interaction by S. K. Card, T. P. Moran & A. Newell. Psychological Science 1(4):235–39. [SKC]Google Scholar

Budde, R., Floyd, C., Keil-Slawik, R. & Zullighoven, H., eds. (1991) Software development and reality construction. Springer-Verlag. [JMC]Google Scholar

Card, S. K. (1990) Models of working memory. In: Human performance models for computer-aided engineering, ed. Elkind, J. I., Card, S. K., Hochberg, J. & Huey, B.. Academic Press. [SKC]Google Scholar

Card, S., Moran, T. P. & Newell, A. (1983) The psychology of humancomputer interaction. Erlbaum. [arAN]Google Scholar

Carley, K. & Newell, A. (1991) The nature of the social agent, Soar Project, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University (under review). [rAN]Google Scholar

Carpenter, G. A. (1989) Neural network models for pattern recognition and memory. Neural Networks 2:243–57. [PCD]Google Scholar

Carroll, J. M. (1988) Modularity and naturalness in cognitive science. Metaphor and Symbolic Activity 3:61–86. [JMC]Google Scholar

Carroll, J. M. (1990) The Nurnberg funnel: Designing minimalist instruction for practical computer skill. MIT Press. [JMC]Google Scholar

Carroll, J. M. ed. (1991) Designing interaction: Psychology at the human-computer interface. Cambridge University Press. [JMC]Google Scholar

Carroll, J. M. & Campbell, R. L. (1986) Softening up hard science: Reply to Newell & Card. Human-Computer Interaction 2:227–49. [JMC]Google Scholar

Chi, M. T. H. & Klahr, D. (1975) Span and rate of apprehension in children and adults. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 19:434–39. [rAN]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Cho, B., Rosenbloom, P. S. & Dolan, C. P. (1991) Neuro-Soar: A neuralnetwork architecture for goal-oriented behavior. Proceedings of the 13th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, Chicago, August. [rAN]Google Scholar

Chomsky, N. (1959) Review of B. F. Skinner's verbal behavior. Language 35:26–58. [CP]Google Scholar

Churchland, P. S. (1986) Neurophilosophy: Toward a unified science of the mind/brain. MIT Press. [rAN, CP]Google Scholar

Clark, A. (1989) Microcognition: Philosophy, cognitive science, and parallel distributed processing. MIT Press. [EC]Google Scholar

Clark, H. & Clark, E. (1977) The psychology of language: An introduction to psycholinguistics. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. [aAN]Google Scholar

Cohen, P. R. (1989) Why knowledge systems research is in trouble and what we can do about it. Technical Report 89–81, Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Massachusetts. [SAV]Google Scholar

Colegate, R., Hoffman, J. E. & Eriksen, C. W. (1973) Selective encoding from multielement visual displays. Perception & Psychophysics 14:217–24. [rAN]Google Scholar

Crowder, R. G. (1982) The demise of short-term memory. Acta Psychologica 50:291–323. [RAG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Daneman, M. & Carpenter, P. (1980) Individual differences in working memory and reading. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 19:450–66. [RAG]Google Scholar

Davies, P. C. W. & Brown, J. (1988) Introduction. In: Superstrings: A theory of everything? ed. Davies, P. C. W. & Brown, J.. Cambridge University Press. [LG]Google Scholar

Demazeau, Y. & Mueller, J.-P. (1990) Decentralized artificial intelligence. In: Decentralized AI, ed. Demazeau, Y. & Mueller, J.-P.. North-Holland. [SAV]Google Scholar

Dennett, D. C. (1978) Brainstorms: Philosophical essays on mind and psychology. Harvester Press. [JAM]Google Scholar

Dennett, D. C. (1983) Intentional systems in cognitive ethology: The “Panglossian paradigm” defended. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 6:343–90. [PCD, DQ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dennett, D. C. (1988) The intentional stance. MIT Press. [MEW]Google Scholar

Dennett, D. C. (1991) Consciousness explained. Little, Brown. [PCD]Google Scholar

Dietterich, T. G. (1986) Learning at the knowledge level. Machine Learning 1:287–316. [rAN]Google Scholar

Dinges, D. F. & Kribbs, N. B. (1991) Performing while sleepy: Effects of experimentally-induced sleepiness. In: Sleep, sleepiness, and performance, ed. Monk, T.. Wiley. [RWR]Google Scholar

Dodwell, P. C. (1960) Causes of behaviour and explanation in psychology. Mind 69:1–13. [PCD]Google Scholar

Dodwell, P. C. (1986) Computing and understanding. Human Neurobiology 5:137–44. [PCD]Google Scholar

Doorenbos, B., Tambe, M. & Newell, A. (1992) Learning 10,000 chunks: What's it like out there? Proceedings of the Eleventh National Conference on Artificial Intelligence, July (in press). [rAN]Google Scholar

Duncker, G. (1945) On problem solving. Psychological Monographs 58(5): Whole No. 270. [CP]Google Scholar

Egeth, H. E., Folk, C. L. & Mullin, P. A. (1988) Spatial parallelism in the processing of lines, letters, and lexicality. In: Object perception: Structure and process, ed. Shepp, B. E. & Ballesteros, S.. Erlbaum. [JTT]Google Scholar

Elkind, J. I., Card, S. K., Hochberg, J. & Huey, B., eds. (1990) Human performance models for computer-aided engineering. Academic Press. [SKC]Google Scholar

Ericsson, K. A. & Simon, H. A. (1980) Verbal reports as data. Psychological Review 87:215–51. [RAG]Google Scholar

Fehling, M. R., Altman, A. & Wilber, B. M. (1989) The MCVM: An instance of schema, an architecture for resource constrained problem-solving. In: Proceedings of the American Association of Artificial Intelligence 1989 Symposium on Limited Rationality, ed. Fehling, M. R. & Russell, S.. American Association of Artificial Intelligence. [MVL]Google Scholar

Feldman, J. A. & Ballard, D. (1982) Connectionist models and their properties. Cognitive Science 6:205–54. [aAN, CP]Google Scholar

Ferretti, R. P. & Butterfield, E. C. (1986) Are children's rule assessment classifications invariant across instances of problem types? Child Development 57:1419–28. [TRS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Festinger, L. (1954) A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations 7:117–40. [aAN]Google Scholar

Fisher, D. H. (1987) Knowledge acquisition via incremental conceptual clustering. Machine Learning 2:139–72. [rAN]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fisher, D. L. & Goldstein, W. M. (1983) Stochastic PERT networks as models of cognition: Derivation of the mean, variance, and distribution of reaction time using order-of-processing (OP) diagram. Journal of Mathematical Psychology 27:121–51. [JTT]Google Scholar

Fitts, P. M. (1954) The information capacity of the human motor system in controlling the amplitude of movement. Journal of Experimental Psychology 47:381–91. [SKC, MVL]Google Scholar

Flexser, A. J. & Tulving, E. (1978) Retrieval independence in recognition and recall. Psychological Review 85:153–71. [rAN]Google Scholar

Fodor, J. (1983) The modularity of mind: An essay on faculty psychology. MIT Press. [arAN, DB, CP, MEW]Google Scholar

Fodor, J. & Pylyshyn, Z. (1988) Connectionism and cognitive architecture: A critical analysis. Cognition 28:3–71. [rAN]Google Scholar

Forster, K. I. (1979) Levels of processing and the structure of the language processor. In: Sentence processing, ed. Cooper, W. E. & Walker, E. C. T.. Erlbaum. [CP]Google Scholar

Frijda, N. H. (1986) The emotions. Cambridge University Press. [rAN]Google Scholar

Gardenfors, P. (1990) Induction, conceptual spaces and AI. Philosophy of Science 57:78–95. [LG]Google Scholar

Garfield, J. L., ed. (1989) Modularity in knowledge representation and language processing. MIT Press. [CP]Google Scholar

Gelman, R. (1982) Accessing one-to-one correspondence: Still another paper about conservation. British Journal of Psychology 73:209–20. [rAN]Google Scholar

Gibson, J. J. (1979) The ecological approach to visual perception. Houghton-Mifflin. [EC, KJV]Google Scholar

Gibson, J. J. (1977/1982) Notes on direct perception and indirect apprehension. In: Reasons for realism: Selected essays of James J. Gibson, ed. Reed, E. & Jones, R.. Erlbaum. [KJV]Google Scholar

Gibson, J. J. & Gibson, E. J. (1955) Perceptual learning: Differentiation or enrichment? Psychological Review 62:32–41. [EC]Google Scholar

Gold, E. M. (1967) Language identification in the limit. Information and Control 10:447–74. [DB]Google Scholar

Goldfarb, L. (1990) On the foundations of intelligent processes I: An evolving model for pattern learning. Pattern Recognition 23:595–16. [LG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Goldfarb, L. (1991) Verifiable characterization of an intelligent process. In: Proceedings of the 4th UNB Artificial Intelligence Symposium, ed. Goldfarb, L. & Nickerson, B. G.. University of New Brunswick Press. [LG]Google Scholar

Goldfarb, L. (1992) What is distance and why we need the metric model for pattern learning? Pattern Recognition 25(4). [LG]Google Scholar

Good, I. J. (1965) Speculations concerning the first ultraintelligent machine. In: Advances in computers, vol. 6, ed. Alt, F. L. & Rubinoff, M.. Academic Press. [EC]Google Scholar

Goodman, N. (1984) Of mind and other matters. Harvard University Press. [JAM]Google Scholar

Gary, W. D., John, B. E. & Atwood, M. E. (1992) The précis of project Ernestine, or, an overview of a validation of GOMS. Paper presented at CHI'92 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Monterey, California, May 3–7. [JMC]Google Scholar

Greeno, J. G. & Steiner, T. E. (1964) Markovian processes with identifiable states: General considerations and application to all-or-none learning. Psychometrika 29:309–33. [JTT]Google Scholar

Gregory, R. L. (1969) On how so little information controls so much behavior. In: Towards a theoretical biology, two sketches, ed. Waddington, C. H.. Edinburgh University Press. [EC]Google Scholar

Hayes-Roth, B. (1984) A blackboard model of control. Artificial Intelligence 16:1–84. [MVL]Google Scholar

Hebb, D. O. (1949) The organization of behavior. Wiley. [EC]Google Scholar

Hockley, W. E. (1984) Analysis of response time distributions in the study of cognitive processes. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition 10:598–615. [rAN, SL]Google Scholar

Hofstadter, D. R. (1979) Gödel, Escher, Bach: An eternal golden braid. Basic Books. [rAN, EC]Google Scholar

Holland, J. H., Holyoak, K. J., Nisbett, R. E. & Thagard, P. R. (1987) Induction: Processes of inference, learning, and discovery. MIT Press. [rAN]Google Scholar

Honderich, T. (1988) A theory of determinism. The mind, neuroscience and life hopes. Clarendon Press. [PCD]Google Scholar

Huffman, S. B. (1989) A natural-language system for interaction with problemsolving domains: Extensions to NL-Soar. Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, May (unpublished). [rAN]Google Scholar

Hughes, H. C. & Zimba, L. D. (1985) Spatial maps of directed visual attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 11:409–30. [rAN]Google ScholarPubMed

Hull, C. L. (1943) Principles of behavior. Appleton-Century. [PCD]Google Scholar

Hunt, E. B. (1962) Concept learning: An information processing problem. Wiley. [rAN]Google Scholar

James, W. (1892) Psychology: The briefer course (1961 edition). Harper & Row. [EC]Google Scholar

Jenkins, J. J. (1981) Can we have a fruitful cognitive psychology? In: Cognitive processes: Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 1980, ed. Howe, H. E. & Flowers, J. H.. University of Nebraska Press. [SFC]Google Scholar

John, B. E. (1988) Contributions to engineering models of human-computer interaction. Ph.D. dissertation, Psychology Department, Carnegie-Mellon University. [arAN]Google Scholar

John, B. E. (1991) Short-term memory in Soar. Talk presented at panel on Diverse Perspectives on Working Memory at the Thirteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, August. [rAN]Google Scholar

John, B. E. & Newell, A. (1987) Predicting the time to recall computer command abbreviations. In: Proceedings of CHI'87 Human Factors in Computing Systems. Association for Computing Machinery. [arAN]Google Scholar

John, B. E., Remington, R. W. & Steier, D. M. (1991) An analysis of Space Shuttle countdown activities: Preliminaries to a computational model of the NASA Test Director. Technical Report No. CMU-CS-91-138, School of Computer Science and Department of Psychology, Carnegie-Mellon University. [rAN, RWR]Google Scholar

John, B. E. & Vera, A. H. (1992) A GOMS analysis of a graphic-displaybased, machine-paced, highly interactive task. Proceedings of CHI'92 Conference, May (to appear). [rAN]Google Scholar

Johnson-Laird, P. (1983) Mental models. Harvard University Press. [aAN, NEW]Google Scholar

Johnson-Laird, P. N. & Bara, B. G. (1984) Syllogistic inference. Cognition 16:1–61. [NEW]Google Scholar

Johnson-Laird, P. N. & Byrne, R. M. J. (1991) Deduction. Erlbaum. [rAN]Google Scholar

Just, M. A. & Carpenter, P. A. (1987) The psychology of reading and language comprehension. Allyn & Bacon. [aAN]Google Scholar

Kaplan, S. (1973) Cognitive maps in perception and thought. In: Image and environment, ed. Downs, R. M. & Stea, D.. Aldine. [EC]Google Scholar

Kaplan, S. (1991) Beyond rationality: Clarity-based decision making. In: Environment, cognition and action: An integrative multidisciplinary approach, ed. Garling, T. & Evans, G.. Oxford University Press. [EC]Google Scholar

Kaplan, S. & Kaplan, R. (1982) Cognition and environment: Functioning in an uncertain world. Praeger. (republished by Ulrich's, 1989). [EC]Google Scholar

Kaplan, S., Sonntag, M. & Chown, E. (1991) Tracing recurrent activity in cognitive elements (TRACE): A model of temporal dynamics in a cell assembly. Connection Science 3:179–206. [EC]Google Scholar

Kaplan, S., Weaver, M. & French, R. (1990) Active symbols and internal models: Towards a cognitive connectionism. Artificial Intelligence & Society 4:51–71. [EC]Google Scholar

Katona, G. (1940) Organizing and memorizing. Columbia University Press. [CP]Google Scholar

Keele, S. W. (1986) Motor control. In: Handbook of perception and human performance, vol. II, ed. Boff, K. R., Kaufman, L. & Thomas, J. P.. Wiley. [rAN, EH]Google Scholar

Kieras, D. E. & Bovair, S. (1986) A production system analysis of transfer of training. Journal of Memory and Language 25:506–24. [RWR]Google Scholar

Kintsch, N. (1974) The representation of meaning in memory. Erlbaum. [SL, CP]Google Scholar

Klapp, S. T., Marshburn, E. A. & Lester, P. T. (1983) Short-term memory does not involve the “working memory” of information processing: The demise of a common assumption. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 112:240–64. [RAC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kleinsmith, L. J. & Kaplan, S. (1964) Interaction of arousal and recall interval in nonsense syllable paired-associate learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology 67:124–26. [EC]Google Scholar

Koch, S., ed. (1959) Epilogue. In: Psychology: A study of a science, vol. 3. McGraw-Hill. [NHF]Google Scholar

Kolers, P. A. & Smythe, W. E. (1984) Symbol manipulation: Alternatives to the computational view of mind. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 23:328–30. [PCD]Google Scholar

Kornblum, S., Hasbroucq, T. & Osman, A. (1990) Dimensional overlap, a cognitive basis for stimulus-response compatibility: A model and taxonomy. Psychological Review 97:253–70. [rAN, RWP]Google Scholar

LaBerge, D. (1980) Unitization and automaticity in perception. In: Nebraska symposium on motivation, ed. Flowers, J. H.. University of Nebraska Press. [MVL]Google Scholar

LaBerge, D. & Brown, V. (1989) Theory of attentional operations in shape identification. Psychological Review 96:101–24. [rAN]Google Scholar

Lachman, J. L. & Lachman, R. (1979) Theories of memory organization and human evolution. In: Memory organization and structure, ed. Puff, C. R.. Academic Press. [EC]Google Scholar

Laird, J. E., Congdon, C. B., Altmann, E. & Swerdlow, K. (1990) Soar user's manual: Version 5.2. University of Michigan; Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science. [JAM]Google Scholar

Laird, J. E., Newell, A. & Rosenbloom, P. S. (1987) Soar: An architecture for general intelligence. Artificial Intelligence 33:1–64. [aAN, JAM]Google Scholar

Laird, J. E. & Rosenbloom, P. S. (1990) Integrating execution, planning, and learning in Soar for external environments. Proceedings of the National Conference on Artificial Intelligence, July. [rAN]Google Scholar

Laird, J. E., Rosenbloom, P. S. & Newell, A. (1986) Universal subgoaling and chunking. Kluwer. [RWP]Google Scholar

Lakatos, I. M. (1978) The methodology of scientific research programmes. Cambridge University Press. [JMC]Google Scholar

Lehman, J. F., Lewis, R. L. & Newell, A. (1991a) Integrating knowledge sources in language comprehension. Proceedings of the Cognitive Science Thirteenth Annual Conference, August. Cognitive Science Society. [rAN]Google Scholar

Lehman, J. F., Lewis, R. L. & Newell, A. (1991b) Natural language comprehension in Soar: Spring 1991 (Technical Report CMU-CS-91-117). School of Computer Science, Carnegie-Mellon University. [rAN]Google Scholar

Lehman, J. F., Newell, A., Polk, T. A. & Lewis, R. (1992) The role of language in cognition: A computational inquiry. In: Conceptions of the human mind, ed. G. Harman. Erlbaum (in press). [rAN]Google Scholar

Levenick, J. R. (1991) NAPS: A connectionist implementation of cognitive maps. Connection Science 3:107–26. [EC]Google Scholar

Lewandowsky, S., Dunn, J. C. & Kirsner, K., eds. (1989) Implicit memory: Theoretical issue. Erlbaum. [SL]Google Scholar

Lewis, R. (1992) Recent developments in the NL-Soar garden path theory. Technical report, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University (forthcoming). [rAN]Google Scholar

Lewis, R., Huffman, S., John, B., Laird, J., Lehman, J. F., Newell, A., Rosenbloom, P., Simon, T. & Tessler, S. (1990) Soar as a unified theory of cognition: Spring 1990. Proceedings of the Cognitive Science Twelfth Annual Conference (July). Cognitive Science Society. [rAN]Google Scholar

Lewis, R. L., Newell, A. & Polk, T. A. (1989) Toward a Soar theory of taking instructions for immediate reasoning tasks. Proceedings of the Cognitive Science Eleventh Annual Conference (August). Cognitive Science Society. [rAN]Google Scholar

Lindsay, R. K. (1991) Symbol-processing theories and the Soar architecture. (Review of Unified theories of cognition). Psychological Science 2:294–302. [rAN, RWR]Google Scholar

Logan, G. D. (1985) Executive control of thought and action. Acta Psychologica 60:193–210. [RAC]Google Scholar

Mandler, G. & Mandler, J., eds. (1964) Thinking: From association to Gestalt. Wiley. [CP]Google Scholar

Mark, L. S. (1987) Eyeheight-scaled information about affordances: A study of sitting and stair climbing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 13:361–70. [KJV]Google Scholar

Markovitch, S. & Scott, P. (1988) The role of forgetting in learning. Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Machine Learning, Ann Arbor, Michigan. [EC]Google Scholar

Marr, D. (1982) Vision. W. H. Freeman. [rAN]Google Scholar

Maslov, S. Y. (1987) Theory of deductive systems and its applications. MIT Press. [LG]Google Scholar

Mayr, E. (1982) The growth of biological thought: Diversity, evolution and inheritance. Harvard University Press. [rAN]Google Scholar

McClelland, J. L. (1988) Parallel distributed processing: Implications for cognition and development. Technical report, Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University. [rAN]Google Scholar

McClelland, J. L. & Rumelhart, D. E. (1986) Parallel distributed processing, vol. 2. MIT Press. [CP]Google Scholar

McCulloch, W. S. (1965) Embodiments of mind. MIT Press. [aAN]Google Scholar

McDermott, J. (1982) R1: A rule-based configurer of computer systems. Artificial Intelligence 19:39–88. [aAN]Google Scholar

Meyer, D. E., Abrams, R. A., Kornblum, S., Wright, C. E. & Smith, J. E. K. (1988) Optimality in human motor performance: Ideal control of rapid aimed movements. Psychological Review 95:340–70. [RWP]Google Scholar

Miller, C. S. & Laird, J. E. (1992) A simple symbolic algorithm for incremental concept acquisition. Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, University of Michigan, January, (unpublished). [rAN]Google Scholar

Miller, C. S. & Laird, J. E. (1991) A constraint-motivated model of concept formation. Proceedings of the Cognitive Science Society, August. [rAN]Google Scholar

Miller, G. A. (1986) Dismembering cognition. In: G. Stanley Hall and the Johns Hopkins Tradition, ed. Hulse, S. H. & Green, B. F. Jr., Johns Hopkins University Press. [SFC]Google Scholar

Mitchell, T. M., Allen, J., Chalasani, P., Cheng, J., Etzioni, O., Rinquette, M. & Schlimmer, J. C. (1991) Theo: A framework for self-improving systems. In: Architectures for intelligence, ed. VanLehn, K.. Erlbaum. [rAN]Google Scholar

Montague, R. (1974) Formal philosophy, ed. Thomason, R.. Yale University Press. [PS]Google Scholar

Moore, E. F. (1956) Gedanken-experiments on sequential machines. Automata studies, annals of mathematical studies, No. 34. Princeton University Press. [JTT]Google Scholar

Moray, N. (1959) Attention in dichotic listening: Affective cues and the influence of instructions. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 11:56–60. [MVL]Google Scholar

Moray, N. (1969) Attention: Selective processes in vision and hearing. Hutchinson. [MVL]Google Scholar

Nagel, T. (1986) The view from nowhere. Oxford University Press (Oxford). [PCD]Google Scholar

Neisser, U. (1963) The multiplicity of thought. British Journal of Psychology 54:1–14. [CP]Google Scholar

Neisser, U. (1987) From direct perception to conceptual structure. In: Concepts and conceptual development: Ecological and intellectual factors in categorization, ed. Neisser, U.. Cambridge University Press. [KJV]Google Scholar

Nelson, T. O. (1976) Reinforcement and human memory. In: Handbook of learning and cognitive processes, vol. 3, ed. Estes, W. K.. Erlbaum. [TRS]Google Scholar

Newell, A. (1969) Heuristic programming: Ill-structured problems. In: Progress in operations research, III, ed. Aronofsky, J.. Wiley. [rAN]Google Scholar

Newell, A. (1973a) You can't play 20 questions with nature and win: Projective comments on the papers of this symposium. In: Visual information processing, ed. Chase, W. G.. Academic Press. [arAN, SFC, SKC, JAM, JIT]Google Scholar

Newell, A. (1973b) Artificial intelligence and the concept of mind. In: Computer models of thought and language, ed. Schank, R. C. & Colby, K. M.. W. H. Freeman. [rAN]Google Scholar

Newell, A. (1973c) Production systems: Models of control structures. In: Visual information processing, ed. Chase, W. C.. Academic Press. [rAN]Google Scholar

Newell, A. (1980) Physical symbol systems. Cognitive Science 4:135–83. [rAN]Google Scholar

Newell, A. (1983) Intellectual issues in the history of artificial intelligence. In: The study of information: Interdisciplinary messages, ed. Machlup, F. & Mansfield, U.. Wiley. [rAN]Google Scholar

Newell, A. (1989a) Putting it all together. In: Complex information processing: The impact of Herbert A. Simon, ed. Klahr, D. & Kotovsky, K.. Erlbaum. [JAM]Google Scholar

Newell, A. (1989b) How it all got put together. In: Complex information processing: The impact of Herbert A. Simon, ed. Klahr, D. & Kotovsky, K.. Erlbaum. [JAM]Google Scholar

Newell, A. (1992) Unified theories of cognition: The role of Soar. In: Soar: A cognitive architecture in perspective, ed. Michon, J. A. & Akyürek, A.. Kluwer. [rAN, JAM]Google Scholar

Newell, A. & Rosenbloom, P. (1981) Mechanisms of skill acquisition and the law of practice. In: Cognitive skills and their acquisition, ed. Anderson, J. R.. Erlbaum. [aAN]Google Scholar

Newell, A., Rosenbloom, P. & Laird, J. (1989) Symbolic architectures for cognition. In: Foundations of cognitive science, ed. Posner, M.. MIT/Bradford Books. [rAN]Google Scholar

Newell, A., Shaw, J. C. & Simon, H. A. (1958) Elements of a theory of human problem solving. Psychological Review 65:151–66. [SKC, CP]Google Scholar

Newell, A. & Simon, H. A. (1972) Human problem solving. Prentice-Hall. [aAN, RAC, SKC, MVL, CP]Google Scholar

Nilsson, L.-G. & Gardiner, J. M. (1991) Memory theory and the boundary conditions of the Tulving-Wiseman law. In: Relating theory and data: Essays on human memory in honor of Rennet R. Murdock, ed. Hockley, W. E. & Lewandowsky, S.. Erlbaum. [SL]Google Scholar

Nilsson, L.-G., Law, J. & Tulving, E. (1988) Recognition failure of recallable unique names: Evidence for an empirical law of memory and learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition 14:266–77. [SL]Google Scholar

Nilsson, N. J. (1983) Artificial intelligence prepares for 2001. AI Magazine 4/1:7–14. [SAV]Google Scholar

Norman, D. A. (1991) Approaches to the study of intelligence. Artificial Intelligence 47:327–46. [SL, RWR]Google Scholar

Norman, D. A. & Draper, S. W., eds. (1986) User center system design. Erlbaum. [JMC]Google Scholar

Norman, D. A. & Shallice, T. (1980) Attention and action: Willed and automatic behavior. Unpublished paper, Center for Human Information Processing, University of California San Diego. [MVL]Google Scholar

Parnas, L. (1985) Software aspects of strategic defence systems. American Scientist 73:432–30. [PCD]Google Scholar

Pashler, H. & Johnston, J. C. (1989) Chronometric evidence for central postponement in temporally overlapping tasks. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 41A: 19–45. [RWR]Google Scholar

Payne, J. W., Bettman, J. R. & Johnson, E. J. (1992) Behavioral decision research: A constructive processing perspective. Annual Review of Psychology 43:87–131. [rAN]Google Scholar

Peck, V. A. & John, B. E. (1992) Browser-Soar: A computational model of a highly interactive task. Proceedings of CHI'92 Conference, May. [rAN]Google Scholar

Penrose, R. (1989) The emperor's new mind. Oxford University Press. [PCD]Google Scholar

Peters, R. S. (1958) The concept of motivation. Routledge & Kegan Paul. [PCD]Google Scholar

Peters, R. S. (1969) Motivation, emotion, and the conceptual schemes of common sense. In: Human action, ed. Mischel, T.. Academic Press. [PCD]Google Scholar

Piaget, J. (1967) Études sociologiques. Droz. [CP]Google Scholar

Pitts, W. H. & McCulloch, W. S. (1947) How we know Universals: The perception of auditory and visual forms. Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics 9:127–47. [PCD]Google Scholar

Polk, T. A. & Newell, A. (1988) Modeling human syllogistic reasoning in Soar. Proceedings of the Cognitive Science Annual Conference, 1988 (August). Cognitive Science Society. [rAN]Google Scholar

Polk, T. A. & Newell, A. (in preparation) A verbal reasoning theory of categorical syllogism. [rAN]Google Scholar

Polk, T. A., Newell, A. & Lewis, R. L. (1989) Toward a unified theory of immediate reasoning in Soar. Proceedings of the Cognitive Science Annual Conference, 1989 (August). Cognitive Science Society. [rAN]Google Scholar

Polk, T. A., Newell, A. & VanLehn, K. (1991) Analysis of symbolic parameter models: A new technique for fitting models in cognitive science. Unpublished technical report, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University. [rAN]Google Scholar

Pomerantz, J. R., Kaplan, S. & Kaplan, R. (1969) Satiation effects in the perception of single letters. Perception & Psychophysics 6:129–32. [EC]Google Scholar

Premack, D. (1986) Gavagail or the future history of the animal language controversy. MIT Press. [PCD, DQ]Google Scholar

Proctor, R. W. & Reeve, T. G., eds. (1990) Stimulus-response compatibility: An integrated perspective. North-Holland. [RWP]Google Scholar

Pylyshyn, Z. W. (1984) Computation and cognition: Towards a foundation for cognitive science. MIT Press. [JAM]Google Scholar

Quiatt, D. & Reynolds, V. (1992) Primate behaviour: Information, social cognition, and the evolution of culture (in press). Cambridge University Press (Cambridge). [DQ]Google Scholar

Quinlan, J. R. (1986) Induction of decision trees. Machine Learning 1:81–106. [rAN]Google Scholar

Rapaport, D., ed. (1951) Organization and pathology of thought. Columbia University Press. [CP]Google Scholar

Ratcliff, R. (1985) Theoretical interpretations of the speed and accuracy of positive and negative responses. Psychological Review 92:212–25. [aAN]Google Scholar

Reddy, R. & Newell, A. (1974) Knowledge and its representations in a speech understanding system. In: Knowledge and cognition, ed. Gregg, L. W.. Erlbaum. [MVL]Google Scholar

Reisberg, D., Rappoport, I. & O'Shaughnessy, M. (1984) Limits of working memory: The digit span-digit. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition 10:203–21. [RAC]Google Scholar

Rescorla, R. A. & Wagner, A. R. (1972) A theory of Pavlovian conditioning: Variations in the effectiveness of reinforcement and nonreinforcement. In: Classical conditioning II: Current research and theory. Appleton-Century-Crofts. [rAN]Google Scholar

Resnikoff, H. L. (1989) The illusion of reality. Springer-Verlag. [SKC]Google Scholar

Roitblat, H. L. & Von Fersen, L. (1992) Comparitive cognition: Representations and processes in learning and memory. Annual Review of Psychology 43:671–710. [rAN]Google Scholar

Rolls, E. T., Baylis, G. C. & Leonard, C. M. (1985) Role of low and high spatial frequencies in the face-selective responses of neurons in the cortex in the superior temporal sulcus in the monkey. Vision Research 25(8): 1021–35. [WMS]Google Scholar

Rosch, E. & Lloyd, B. B., eds. (1978) Cognition and categorization. Erlbaum. [rAN]Google Scholar

Rosenbloom, P. S., Laird, J. E., McDermott, J., Newell, A. & Orciuch, E. (1985) R1-Soar: An experiment in knowledge-intensive programming in a problem solving architecture. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 7:561–69. [aAN]Google Scholar

Rosenbloom, P. S., Laird, J. E. & Newell, A. (1987) Knowledge-level learning in Soar. Proceedings of AAAI-87. Morgan Kaufman. [rAN]Google Scholar

Rosenbloom, P. S., Laird, J. E. & Newell, A. (1988) The chunking of skill and knowledge. In: Working models of human perception, ed. Bouma, H. & Elsendoom, B. A. G.. Academic Press. [rAN]Google Scholar

Rosenbloom, P. S. & Newell, A. (1986) The chunking of goal hierarchies: A generalized model of practice. In: Machine learning: An artificial intelligence approach II, ed. Michalski, R. S., Carbonell, J. & Mitchell, T.. Morgan Kaufman. [MVL]Google Scholar

Rosenbloom, P. S., Newell, A. & Laird, J. E. (1991) Toward the knowledge level in Soar: The role of the architecture in the use of knowledge. In: Architectures for intelligence, ed. VanLehn, K.. Erlbaum. [SAV]Google Scholar

Rumelhart, D. E., McClelland, J. L. & the PDP Research Group (1986) Parallel distributed processing: Explorations in the microstructure of cognition, vol. I, Foundations. Bradford/MIT Press. [MVL]Google Scholar

Salthouse, T. (1986) Perceptual, cognitive, and motoric aspects of transcription typing. Psychological Bulletin 99:303–19. [aAN, SKC]Google Scholar

Saunders, A. (1984) Ten symposia on attention and performance: Some issues and trends. In: Attention and performance X, control of language processes, ed. Bouma, H. & Bouwhuis, D. G.. Erlbaum. [SKC]Google Scholar

Savelsbergh, G. J. P., Whiting, H. T. A. & Bootsma, R. J. (1991) Grasping tau. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 17:315–22. [KJV]Google Scholar

Schank, R. C. (1972) Conceptual dependency: A theory of natural language understanding. Cognitive Psychology 3:552–631. [CP]Google Scholar

Schank, R. C. (1982) Dynamic memory: A theory of reminding and learning in computers and people. Cambridge University Press (Cambridge). [RWR]Google Scholar

Schleidt, W. M. (1988) The eye illusion. Archives of Psychology 140(2): 137–40. [WMS]Google Scholar

Schmidt, R. A., Zelaznik, H., Hawkins, B., Frank, J. S. & Quinn, J. T. Jr., (1979) Motor-output variability: A theory for the accuracy of rapid motor acts. Psychological Review 86:415–51. [RWP]Google Scholar

Schweickert, R. (1978) A critical path generalization of the additive factor method: Analysis of a Stroop task. Journal of Mathematical Psychology 18:105–39. [JTT]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Schweickert, R. & Townsend, J. T. (1989) A trichotomy: Interactions of factors prolonging sequential and concurrent mental processes in stochastic discrete mental (PERT) networks. Journal of Mathematical Psychology 33(3):328–47. [JTT]Google Scholar

Searle, J. R. (1980) Minds, brains, and programs. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3:417–57. [rAN, LG]Google Scholar

Searle, J. R. (1990) Consciousness, explanatory inversion, and cognitive science. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 13:585–42. [PCD]Google Scholar

Seibel, R. (1963) Discrimination reaction time for a 1023-alternative task. Journal of Experimental Psychology 66:215–26. [MVL]Google Scholar

Seifert, C. M. & Hutchins, E. L. (in press) Error as opportunity: Learning in a situated task. Journal of Human-Computer Interaction. [RWR]Google Scholar

Selz, O. (1922) Zur Psychologie des produktiven Denkens und des Irrtum. Bonn: Cohen. [CP]Google Scholar

Shiffrin, R. M. & Schneider, W. (1977) Controlled and automatic human information processing, II: Perceptual learning, automatic attending, and a general theory. Psychological Review 84:127–90. [MVL]Google Scholar

Schultz, T. R. & Schmidt, W. C. (1991) A Cascade-Correlation model of balance scale phenomena. Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Erlbaum. [rAN, TRS]Google Scholar

Siegler, R. S. (1976) Three aspects of cognitive development. Cognitive Psychology 8:481–520. [arAN]Google Scholar

Siegler, R. S. (1981) Developmental sequences between and within concepts. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development 46:whole no. 189. [TRS]Google Scholar

Siegler, R. S. & Jenkins, E. (1989) How children discover new strategies. Erlbaum. [TRS]Google Scholar

Simon, H. A. (1991) Models of my life. Basic Books. [CP, KJV]Google Scholar

Simon, H. A. & Feigenbaum, E. A. (1964) An information-processing theory of some effects of similarity, familiarization, and meaningfulness in verbal learning. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 3:385–96. [aAN]Google Scholar

Simon, H. A. & Kaplan, C. (1989) Foundation of cognitive science. In: Foundations of cognitive science, ed. Posner, M.-I.. MIT Press. [NHF]Google Scholar

Simon, H. A. & Kotovsky, K. (1963) Human acquisition of concepts for sequential patterns. Psychological Review 70:534–46. [rAN]Google Scholar

Simon, T., Newell, A. & Klahr, D. (1991) Q-Soar: A computational account of children's learning about number conservation. In: Computational approaches to concept formation, ed. Fisher, D. & Pazzani, M.. Morgan Kauffrnan. [rAN]Google Scholar

Skinner, B. F. (1957) Verbal behavior. Appleton-Century-Crofts. [DB, CP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Smolensky, P. (1988) On the proper treatment of connectionism. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 11:1–74. [rAN, EC, CP]Google Scholar

Snoddy, G. S. (1926) Learning and stability. Journal of Applied Psychology 10:1–36. [SKC]Google Scholar

Solomon, H. Y., Turvey, M. T. & Burton, G. (1989) Perceiving extents of rods by wielding: Haptic diagonalization and decomposition of the inertia tensor. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 15:58–68. [KJV]Google Scholar

Sondheimer, N. K. (1989) The rate of progress in natural language processing. In: Theoretical issues in natural language processing, ed. Wilkes, Y.. Erlbaum. [SAV]Google Scholar

Sowa, J. F. (1991) Towards a reintegration of AI research. In: Future directions in artificial intelligence, ed. Flach, P. A. & Meersman, R. A.. North-Holland. [SAV]Google Scholar

Sperber, D. (1984) Anthropology and psychology: Towards an epidemiology of representations. Man 20:73–89. [CP]Google Scholar

Sperling, G. (1960) The information available in brief visual presentations. Psychological Monographs 74(11): whole no. 498. [rAN]Google Scholar

Steier, D. M. (1989) Automating algorithm design within an architecture for general intelligence. Ph.D. dissertation, Computer Science, Carnegie-Mellon University. [aAN]Google Scholar

Sternberg, S. (1966) High-speed scanning in human memory. Science 153:652–54. [MVL, SL, JTT]Google Scholar

Sternberg, S. (1975) Memory scanning: New findings and current controversies. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 27:1–32. [aAN]Google Scholar

Sternberg, R. J. & Detterman, D. K., eds. (1979) Human intelligence, Perspectives on its theory and measurement. Ablex. [rAN]Google Scholar

Thorndike, E. L. (1903) Educational Psychology. Lemke & Buechner. [aAN]Google Scholar

Townsend, J. T. (1971) A note on the identifiability of parallel and serial processes. Perception & Psychophysics 10:161–63. [JTT]Google Scholar

Townsend, J. T. (1975) The mind-body equation revisited. In: Philosophical aspects of the mind-body problem, ed. C.-Y. Cheng. [JTT]Google Scholar

Townsend, J. T. (1990) Serial vs. parallel processing: Sometimes they look like Tweedledum and Tweedledee but they can (and should) be distinguished. Psychological Science 1:46–54. [rAN, SL, JTI]Google Scholar

Townsend, J. T. & Ashby, F. G. (1983) Stochastic modeling of elementary psychological processes. Cambridge University Press. (Cambridge). [JTT]Google Scholar

Townsend, J. T. & Schweickert, R. (1985) Interactive effects of factors affecting processes in stochastic PERT networks. In: Cognition, information processing, and motivation, ed. d'Ydewalle, G.. North-Holland. [JIT]Google Scholar

Treisman, A. & Gelade, G. (1980) A feature integration theory of attention. Cognitive Psychology 12:97–136. [rAN]Google Scholar

Treisman, A. & Gormican, S. (1988) Feature analysis in early vision: Evidence from search asymmetries. Psychological Review 95:15–48. [rAN]Google Scholar

Treisman, A. & Schmidt, H. (1982) Illusory conjunctions in the perception of objects. Cognitive Psychology 14:107–41. [rAN]Google Scholar

Tulving, E. (1983) Elements of episodic memory. Oxford University Press. [arAN]Google Scholar

Urmson, J. O. (1956) Philosophical analysis: Its development between the two World Wars. Clarendon Press. [PCD]Google Scholar

Uttal, W. R. (1990) On some two-way barriers between models and mechanisms. Perception & Psychophysics 48:188–203. [WRU]Google Scholar

Uttal, W. R., Bradshaw, G., Dayanand, S., Lovell, R., Shepherd, T., Kakarala, R., Skifsted, K. & Tupper, G. (1992) The swimmer: An integrated computational model of a perceptual-motor system. Erlbaum. [WRU]Google Scholar

VanLehn, K. (1991) Rule acquisition events in the discovery of problemsolving strategies. Cognitive Science 15:1–47. [TRS]Google Scholar

Vere, S. A. & Bickmore, T. W. (1990) A basic agent. Computational Intelligence 6:41–60. [SAV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

von Helmholtz, H. (1971) The origin and correct interpretation of our sense impressions. In: Selected writings of Hermann von Helmholtz, ed. Kahl, R.. Wesleyan University Press. [LG]Google Scholar

von Neumann, J. (1966) Theory of self-reproducing automata. University of Illinois Press. [LG]Google Scholar

Wallechinsky, D., Wallace, I. & Wallace, A. (1977) The book of lists. William Morrow. [rAN]Google Scholar

Warren, W. H. Jr., & Hannon, D. J. (1988) Direction of self-motion is perceived from optical flow. Nature 336:162–63. [KJV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Warren, W. H. Jr., & Whang, S. (1987) Visual guidance of walking through apertures: Body-scaled information about affordances. Journal of Experimental psychology: Human Perception and Performance 13:371–83. [KJV]Google Scholar

Watanabe, S. (1985) Pattern recognition: Human and mechanical. Wiley. [LG]Google Scholar

Wertheimer, M. (1945) Productive thinking. Wiley. [CP]Google Scholar

Wetherick, N. E. (1989) Psychology and syllogistic reasoning. Philosophical Psychology 2:111–24. [rAN, NEW]Google Scholar

Wetherick, N. E. & Gilhooly, K. J. (1990) Syllogistic reasoning: Effects of premise order. In: Lines of thinking, vol. 1, ed. Gilhooly, K. J., Keane, M. T. G., Logie, R. H. & Erdos, G.. Wiley. [rAN, NEW]Google Scholar

Whorf, B. L. (1956) A linguistic consideration of thinking in primitive communities. In: Language, thought, and reality – selected writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf, ed. Carroll, J. B.. MIT Press. [WMS]Google Scholar

Wiesmeyer, M. D. (1992) An operator-based model of human covert visual attention. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Michigan, CSE-TR-123–92. [rAN]Google Scholar

Wiesmeyer, M. & Laird, J. (1990) A computer model of 2D visual attention. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, July. [rAN]Google Scholar

Wilson, E. O. (1975) Sociobiology: The new synthesis. Harvard University Press. [rAN]Google Scholar

Winograd, S. (1964) Input-error-limiting automata. Journal of the Association of Computing Machinery 11:338–51. [JTT]Google Scholar

Witten, E. (1988) Interview with Edward Witten. In: Superstrings: A theory of everything? ed. Davies, P. C. W. & Brown, J.. Cambridge University Press. [LG]Google Scholar

Wolfe, J. M., Cave, K. R. & Franzel, S. L. (1989) Guided search: An alternative to the feature integration model for visual search. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 15:419–33. [rAN]Google Scholar