Hostname: page-component-669899f699-8p65j Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-04-27T20:56:39.386Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Re-Membering Our Impossible Worlds: Black Archaeology for Amazonian Africans

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 March 2025

G. Omoni Hartemann Open the ORCID record for G. Omoni Hartemann [Opens in a new window]
G. Omoni Hartemann*
Affiliation:
Ilê Axé Iyaba Omi, Belém do Pará, Brazil; Department of Anthropology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
*
Email: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This article stems from the encounter of ancestral stories and archaeological knowledge for Africans in Amazonia. Against colonial fragmentation and anti-Blackness, these theoretical reflections are rooted in Black Archaeology as a praxis of redress. The continuing struggles of ancestral and contemporary Black Amazonian communities, who insist on anti-colonial modes of existence, connect with the need to indigenize the archaeological mode of knowledge through otherwise world-senses as ontoepistemological references. These questions emerged during the first steps of the ongoing collaborative archaeological project Pitit'Latè. The founding story of Mana, an Amazonian village built in 1836 by the hands, heads, spirits, and technologies of more than 400 West Africans captured in the illegal transatlantic trade, serves as the epistemological bones of this research about Black Amazonian territorialities and materialities that remain erased in dominant colonial discourses.

Resumo

Resumo

Este artigo surge a partir do encontro de histórias ancestrais e do conhecimento arqueológico para pessoas africanas na Amazônia. Contra a fragmentação colonial e a anti-negritude, essas reflexões teóricas encontram suas raízes na Arqueologia Negra, constituindo uma práxis de reparação. As lutas contínuas das comunidades negras amazônicas ancestrais e contemporâneas, as quais insistem em modos de existência anticoloniais, conectam-se com a necessidade de indigeneizar o modo de conhecimento arqueológico por meio de outros percepções do mundo como referências ontoepistemológicas. Tais indagações surgiram a partir do projeto arqueológico colaborativo em andamento Pitit'Latè. A história de fundação de Mana, uma aldeia amazônica construída em 1836 pelas mãos, cabeças, espíritos e tecnologias de mais de 400 pessoas oeste-africanas capturadas no tráfico transatlântico ilegal serve como os ossos epistemológicos dessa pesquisa sobre territorialidades e materialidades Pretas Amazônicas, ainda apagadas em discursos coloniais dominantes. O chamado para outras bases ontoepistemológicas ecoa com diversos pensamentos críticos Afrodiaspóricos, a exemplo do conceito de Longa Emancipação de Rinaldo Walcott.

Keywords

Black ArchaeologyAfrican DiasporaAmazoniaontoepistemologyBlack indigeneityArqueologia NegraDiáspora AfricanaAmazôniaontoepistemologiaIndigeneidade negra
Type
Article
Information
American Antiquity , Volume 89 , Special Issue 4: Global Archaeologies of the Long Emancipation , October 2024 , pp. 553 - 573
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2025. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Society for American Archaeology

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

References Cited

Acevedo Marin, Rosa Elizabeth, and de Castro, Edna Maria Ramos. 1998. Negros do Trombetas: Guardiães de matas e rios. UFPA-NAEA, Belém, Brazil.Google Scholar
Agbelusi, Oluseyi Odunyemi. 2024. Entangled Landscape: Spatial Discipline and Liminal Freedom in Coastal Sierra Leone. American Antiquity 89(4):574–590.Google Scholar
France-Presse, Agence. 2019. En Guyane, tensions autour du foncier. Terre-net, August 4. https://www.terre-net.fr/foncier-agricole/article/151033/en-guyane-tensions-autour-du-foncier, accessed May 5, 2024.Google Scholar
Alexander, M. Jacqui. 2006. Pedagogies of Crossing: Meditations on Feminism, Sexual Politics, Memory, and the Sacred. Duke University Press, Durham, North Carolina.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anakaba Abisiké, Frank. 2022. Oral teaching, Pitit'Latè ethnographic interview, June 10.Google Scholar
Ani, Marimba. 1994. Yurugu: An African-Centered Critique of European Cultural Thought and Behavior. Africa World Press, Trenton, New Jersey.Google Scholar
Atalay, Sonya. 2006. Indigenous Archaeology as Decolonizing Practice. American Indian Quarterly 30(3–4):280–310.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Atalay, Sonya. 2020. An Archaeology Led by Strawberries. In Archaeologies of the Heart, edited by Supernant, Kisha, Baxter, Jane Eva, Lyons, Natasha, and Atalay, Sonya, pp. 253–269. Springer, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aubey, Madison. 2023. The Archaeology of Sovereignty: Africatown, Black Mobile, and Resistive Consumption. Master's thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Bâ, Amadou Hampaté. 1981. The Living Tradition. In General History of Africa: Methodology and African Prehistory, edited by Ki-Zerbo, Joseph, pp. 166–205. UNESCO, Paris.Google Scholar
Balanzátegui, Daniela. 2022. Narrativas del paisaje histórico afroecuatoriano en La Concepción (Carchi-Ecuador). Cadernos do Lepaarq 19(37):250–272.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Balanzátegui, Daniela M., and Delgado Vernaza, Génesis. 2024. Positioning Maroon Archaeologies to Face Racial Violence in Ecuador. American Antiquity 89(4):661–682.Google Scholar
Battle-Baptiste, Whitney. 2011. Black Feminist Archaeology. Left Coast Press, Walnut Creek, CA.Google Scholar
Bezerra, Márcia. 2017. Teto e Afeto: Sobre as pessoas, as coisas e a arqueologia na Amazônia. GK Noronha, Belém, Brazil.Google Scholar
Neto, Bezerra, Maia, José. 2001. Escravidão negra na Amazônia (Séculos XVII–XIX). Paka-tatu, Belém, Brazil.Google Scholar
Neto, Bezerra, Maia, José. 2002. Histórias urbanas de liberdade: Escravos em fuga na cidade de Belém, 1860–1888. Afro-Ásia 28: 221–250.Google Scholar
Cabral, Mariana Petry. 2016. Traces of Past Subjects: Experiencing Indigenous Thought as an Archaeological Mode of Knowledge. Journal of Contemporary Archaeology 2(2):S4–S7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cabral, Mariana Petry. 2017. Sobre el ronquido del hacha y otras cosas extrañas: Reflexiones sobre la arqueología y otros modos de conocimiento. In Sentidos indisciplinados arqueología, sensorialidad y narrativas alternativas, edited by Pellini, José Roberto, Zarankin, Andrés and Salerno, Melisa, pp. 221–250. JAS Arqueología, Madrid.Google Scholar
Cabral, Mariana Petry. 2022. Cuando un pájaro viviente es un vestigio arqueológico: Considerando la arqueología desde una perspectiva de conocimiento diferente. Otros pasados: Ontologías alternativas y el estudio de lo que ha sido, edited by Anderson, Benjamin, Rojas, Felipe, and Hamann, Byron Ellsworth, pp. 25–51. Universidad de los Andes, Ediciones Uniandes, Bogotá, Columbia.Google Scholar
Carmo dos Santos, Queiton. 2021. “De primeiro não era assim”: Histórias, paisagens e as coisas da Ilha do Pará, Afuá, Amazônia. Revista do Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia 36:109–126.Google Scholar
Chilisa, Bagele. 2019. Indigenous Research Methodologies. 2nd ed. SAGE Publications, Thousand Oaks, California.Google Scholar
Clay, Elizabeth Catherine. 2021. Slavery and Freedom on the Fringes of France: Historical Archaeology at Habitation La Caroline, French Guiana. PhD dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Coleman, Daniel Ìgbín'bí. 2023. Countering Afropessimist Ontological Nihilism: An Afrofuturist and Afro-Diasporic Cosmological Rejoinder. Black Scholar 53(2):48–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Collins, Patricia Hill. 2000. Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment. 2nd ed. Routledge, New York.Google Scholar
Cornuel, Pascale. 2006. Esclavagisme et engagisme : Le Cas de l'atelier colonial de Cayenne (1818-1848). In L'histoire de la Guyane depuis les civilisations amérindiennes, edited by Serge Mam Lam Fouck and Jaqueline Zonzon, Serge, pp. 369–392. Ibis Rouge Editions, Matoury, Guiana.Google Scholar
Costa, Diogo M. 2016. Archaeology of the African Slaves in the Amazon. Journal of African Diaspora Archaeology and Heritage 5(2):198–221.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crawley, Ashon. 2020. Stayed | Freedom | Hallelujah. In Otherwise Worlds: Against Settler Colonialism and Anti-Blackness, edited by Tiffany Lethabo King, Navarro, Jenell, and Smith, Andrea, pp. 27–37. Duke University Press, Durham, North Carolina.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de la Cadena, Marisol, and Blaser, Mario (editors). 2018. A World of Many Worlds. Duke University Press, Durham, North Carolina.Google Scholar
de la Torre, Oscar. 2018. The People of the River: Nature and Identity in Black Amazonia, 1835–1945. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dunnavant, Justin P. 2021. Have Confidence in the Sea: Maritime Maroons and Fugitive Geographies. Antipode 53(3):884–905.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ébion, Sarah, Choucoutou, Lydie Ho Fong Choy, Latidine, Sidonie, Zonzon, Jacqueline. 2014. Les résistances à l'esclavage en Guyane XVIIe – XIXe siècles. Ibis Rouge Editions, Matoury, Guiana.Google Scholar
Fanon, Frantz. 2005. The Wretched of the Earth. Grove, New York.Google Scholar
Ferreira da Silva, Denise. 2020. Reading the Dead: A Black Feminist Poethical Reading of Global Capital. In Otherwise Worlds: Against Settler Colonialism and Anti-Blackness, edited by Tiffany Lethabo King, , Navarro, Jenell, and Smith, Andrea, pp. 38–51. Duke University Press, Durham, North Carolina.Google Scholar
Filoche, Geoffroy, Davy, Damien, Guignier, Armelle and Armanville, Françoise. 2017. La construction de l'État français en Guyane à l'épreuve de la mobilité des peuples amérindiens. Critique Internationale 75(2):71–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flewellen, Ayana Omilade. 2017. Locating Marginalized Historical Narratives at Kingsley Plantation. Historical Archaeology 51(1):71–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flewellen, Ayana Omilade. 2019. African Diasporic Choices: Locating the Lived Experiences of Afro-Crucians in the Archival and Archaeological Record. Nordisk Tidsskrift for Informationsvidenskab Og Kulturformidling 8(2):54–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flewellen, Ayana Omilade. 2024. The Biophysical Afterlife of Slavery Signaled Through Coral Architectural Stones at Heritage Sites on St. Croix. American Antiquity 89(4):591–607.Google Scholar
Flewellen, Ayana Omilade, Dunnavant, Justin P., Odewale, Alicia, Jones, Alexandra, Wolde-Michael, Tsione, Crossland, Zoë, and Franklin, Maria. 2021. “The Future of Archaeology Is Antiracist”: Archaeology in the Time of Black Lives Matter. American Antiquity 86(2):224–243.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flor do Nascimento, Wanderson. 2018. Temporalidade, memória e ancestralidade: Enredamentos africanos entre infancia e formação. In Filosofia e educação em errância: Inventar escola, infâncias do pensar, edited by Rodrigues, Allan de Carvalho, Berle, Simone, and Omar Kohan, Walter, pp. 583–595. NEFI, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.Google Scholar
Flory, Céline. 2006. Le « Noir » : Permanence des représentations et travail libre (1848-1860). In L'histoire de la Guyane: Depuis les civilisations amérindiennes, edited by Serge Mam Lam Fouck and Jaqueline Zonzon, pp. 393–406. Ibis Rouge Editions, Matoury, Guiana.Google Scholar
Franklin, Maria, Dunnavant, Justin P., Flewellen, Ayana Omilade, and Odewale, Alicia. 2020. The Future is Now: Archaeology and the Eradication of Anti-Blackness. International Journal of Historical Archaeology 24(4):753–766.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Funes, Eurípedes. 1996. Nasci nas matas nunca tive senhor: Histórias e memórias dos mocambos do baixo Amazonas. In Liberdade por um fio: História dos quilombos no Brasil, edited by João José Reis and Flávio dos Santos Gomes, pp. 467–497. Companhia das Letras, São Paulo, Brazil.Google Scholar
Gnecco, Cristóbal. 2009. Caminos de la arqueología: De la violencia epistémica a la relacionalidad. Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi Ciências Humanas 4(1):15–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gonzalez, Sara L. 2016. Indigenous Values and Methods in Archaeological Practice: Low-Impact Archaeology Through the Kashaya Pomo Interpretive Trail Project. American Antiquity 81(3):533–549.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gordon, Lewis R. 2023. Black Existentialism and Decolonizing Knowledge. Bloomsbury Publishing, London.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haber, Alejandro F. 2012. Un-disciplining Archaeology. Archaeologies 8(1):55–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haber, Alejandro. 2015. Archaeology after Archaeology. In After Ethics: Ancestral Voices and Post-Disciplinary Worlds in Archaeology, edited by Haber, Alejandro and Shepherd, Nick, pp. 127–137. Springer, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haber, Alejandro. 2016. Decolonizing Archaeological Thought in South America. Annual Review of Anthropology 45:469–485.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hartemann, Gabby Omoni. 2019. Voltar, contar e lembrar de Gangan: Por uma arqueologia griótica afrodecolonial em Mana, Guiana. Master's thesis, Department of Anthropology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.Google Scholar
Hartemann, Gabby Omoni. 2022. Unearthing Colonial Violence: Griotic Archaeology and Community-Engagement in Guiana. International Journal of Historical Archaeology 26(1):79–117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saidiya, Hartman. 2007. Lose Your Mother: A Journey along the Atlantic Slave Route. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, New York.Google Scholar
Saidiya, Hartman. 2008. Venus in Two Acts. Small Axe 12(2):1–14.Google Scholar
Hidair, Isabelle. 2007. Images fantasmatiques de l'immigration métropolitaine: Regards sur la dialectique des représentations stéréotypées. In Comprendre la Guyane d'aujourd'hui: Un département français dans la région des Guyanes, edited by Serge Mam Lam Fouck, pp. 617–642. Ibis Rouge Editions, Matoury, Guiana.Google Scholar
Jackson, Shona N. 2012. Creole Indigeneity: Between Myth and Nation in the Caribbean. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kilomba, Grada. 2010. Plantation Memories: Episodes of Everyday Racism. 2nd ed. Unrast Verlag, Münster, Germany.Google Scholar
Laluk, Nicholas C. 2017. The Indivisibility of Land and Mind: Indigenous Knowledge and Collaborative Archaeology within Apache Contexts. Journal of Social Archaeology, 17(1):92–112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
LaRoche, Cheryl Janifer. 2014. Free Black Communities and the Underground Railroad: The Geography of Resistance. University of Illinois Press, Chicago.Google Scholar
Leite, Lúcio Costa. 2014. “Pedaços de pote”, “bonecos de barro” e “encantados” em Laranjal do Maracá, Mazagão, Amapá: Perspectivas para uma arqueologia pública na Amazônia. Master's thesis, Department of Anthropology, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil.Google Scholar
Lethabo King, Tiffany, Navarro, Jenell, and Smith, Andrea. 2020. Introduction: Beyond Incommensurability: Toward an Otherwise Stance on Black and Indigenous Relationality. In Otherwise Worlds: Against Settler Colonialism and Anti-Blackness, edited by Tiffany Lethabo King, , Navarro, Jenell, and Smith, Andrea, pp. 1–24. Duke University Press, Durham, North Carolina.Google Scholar
Loperena, Christopher A. 2022. The Ends of Paradise: Race, Extraction, and the Struggle for Black Life in Honduras. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Losier, Catherine. 2016. Approvisionner Cayenne sous l'Ancien Régime: Archéologie et histoire des réseaux commerciaux. Sidestone Press, Leiden, Netherlands.Google Scholar
Mazama, Mambo Ama. 2002. Afrocentricity and African Spirituality. Journal of Black Studies 33(2):218–234.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mbembe, Achille. 2019. Necropolitics. Duke University Press, Durham, North Carolina.Google Scholar
M'Buundi, M'meri Swalasi. 2022. Oral teaching, Pitit'Latè ethnographic interview, June 3.Google Scholar
McKittrick, Katherine. 2006. Demonic Grounds: Black Women and the Cartographies of Struggle. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis.Google Scholar
McKittrick, Katherine. 2011. On Plantations, Prisons, and a Black Sense of Place. Social & Cultural Geography 12(8):947–963.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKittrick, Katherine. 2013. Plantation Futures. Small Axe 17(3):1–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKittrick, Katherine. 2014. Mathematics Black Life. Black Scholar 44(2):16–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mélinon, Eugène. 1847. [Lettre au Gouverneur de la Guyane]. Correspondances, rapports, mémoires et documents du service de Mana – X188. Archives Territoriales de Guyane, Montjoly, Guyane.Google Scholar
Mignolo, Walter. 2013. Geopolitics of Sensing and Knowing: On (De)coloniality, Border Thinking, and Epistemic Disobedience. Confero: Essays on Education, Philosophy and Politics 1(1):129–150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Million, Tara. 2005. Developing an Aboriginal Archaeology: Receiving Gifts from White Buffalo Calf Woman. In Indigenous Archaeologies: Decolonizing Theory and Practice, edited by Smith, Claire and Wobst, H. Martin, pp. 39–51. Routledge, London.Google Scholar
Mire, Sada. 2007. Preserving Knowledge, Not Objects: A Somali Perspective for Heritage Management and Archaeological Research. African Archaeological Review 24(3–4): 49–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mire, Sada. 2011. The Knowledge-Centred Approach to the Somali Cultural Emergency and Heritage Development Assistance in Somaliland. African Archaeological Review 28(1):71–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mombaça, Jota. 2021. Não vão nos matar agora. Editora Cobogó, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.Google Scholar
Moraes, Iris Ewejimi. 2021. Arqueologia “na flor da terra” quilombola: Ancestralidade e movimentos Sankofa no território dos povos do Aproaga - Amazônia Paraense. PhD dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.Google Scholar
Morris, Annelise. 2017. Materialities of Homeplace. Historical Archaeology 51(1):28–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Myers, Joshua. 2023. Of Black Study. Pluto Press, London.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ndlovu-Gatsheni, Sabelo J. 2021. Memory, Knowledge and Freedom: From Dismemberment and Re-Membering. In Social Memory as a Force for Social and Economic Transformation, edited by Nkondo, Muxe, pp. 70–78. University of South Africa Press, Pretoria.Google Scholar
Novaes, Luciana de Castro Nunes. 2021. A tecnologia do ebó: Arqueologia de materiais orgânicos em contextos afro-religiosos. revista de arqueologia 34(3):283–306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oyěwùmí, Oyèrónkẹ́. 1997. The Invention of Women: Making an African Sense of Western Gender Discourses. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis.Google Scholar
Palayret, Gallianne. 2004. Overseas France and Minority and Indigenous Rights: Dream or Reality? International Journal on Minority and Group Rights 10(3):221–252.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Price, Richard. 2010. Voyages avec Tooy: Histoire, mémoire, imaginaire des Amériques noires. Vents d'ailleurs, La Roque d'Anthéron, France.Google Scholar
Price, Richard. 2012. Peuple Saramaka contre État du Suriname: Combat pour la forêt et les droits de l'homme. Éditions Karthala, Paris, France.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reilly, Matthew C., Caree A. M. Banton, Craig Stevens, and Chrislyn Laurie Laurore. 2024. The Archaeology of Providence Island: Liberian Heritage beyond Settlement. American Antiquity 89(4):647–663.Google Scholar
Rizvi, Uzma Z. 2015. Decolonizing Archaeology: On the Global Heritage of Epistemic Laziness. In Two Days after Forever: A Reader on the Choreography of Time, edited by Kholeif, Omar, pp. 154–163. Sternberg Press, Berlin.Google Scholar
Sampaio, Patrícia Melo. 2011. O fim do silêncio: Presença negra na Amazônia. Editora AÇAI-CNPq, Belém, Brazil.Google Scholar
Sharpe, Christina. 2016. In the Wake: On Blackness and Being. Duke University Press, Durham, North Carolina.Google Scholar
Maria, Soeur. 2022. Oral teaching, Pitit'Latè ethnographic interview, June 14.Google Scholar
Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty. 1993. Can the Subaltern Speak? In Colonial Discourse and Post-Colonial Theory: A Reader, edited by Williams, Patrick and Chrisman, Laura, pp. 66–111. Harvester Wheatsheaf, London.Google Scholar
Strobel, Michèle-Baj. 1998. Les gens de l'or: Mémoire des orpailleurs créoles du Maroni. Ibis Rouge Éditions, Petit-Bourg, Guadeloupe.Google Scholar
Thiong'o, Ngũgĩ wa. 2009. Something Torn and New: An African Renaissance. Basic Civitas Books, New York.Google Scholar
Tiouka, Alexis. 2023. Défense des droits des peuples autochtones: “Le soutien que pourrait apporter le président Macron est important et attendu.” Le Monde. September 18. https://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2023/09/18/defense-des-droits-des-peuples-autochtones-le-soutien-que-pourrait-apporter-le-president-macron-est-important-et-attendu_6189929_3232.html, accessed May 5, 2024.Google Scholar
Trouillot, Michel-Rolph. 1995. Silencing the Past: Power and the Production of History. Beacon Press, Boston, Massachusetts.Google Scholar
Tuhiwai Smith, Linda. 2012. Decolonizing Methodologies: Research and Indigenous Peoples. Zed Books, London.Google Scholar
Van den Bel, Martijn M. 2015. Archaeological Investigations between Cayenne Island and the Maroni River: A Cultural Sequence of Western Coastal French Guiana from 5000 BP to Present. Sidestone Press, Leiden, Netherlands.Google Scholar
Viveiros de Castro, Eduardo. 2004. Perspectival Anthropology and the Method of Controlled Equivocation. Tipití 2(1):3–22.Google Scholar
Wai Wai, Jaime Xamen. 2022. Arqueologia e história das aldeias antigas do rio Kikwo, Pará, Brasil. Master's thesis, Department of Anthropology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.Google Scholar
Walcott, Rinaldo. 2014 The Problem of the Human: Black Ontologies and “the Coloniality of Our Being”. In Postcoloniality — Decoloniality — Black Critique: Joints and Fissures, edited by Broeck, Sabine and Junker, Carsten, pp. 93–106. Campus Verlag, Frankfurt.Google Scholar
Walcott, Rinaldo. 2021. The Long Emancipation: Moving toward Black Freedom. Duke University Press, Durham, North Carolina.Google Scholar
White, Cheryl. 2010. Kumako: A Place of Convergence for Maroons and Amerindians in Suriname, SA. Antiquity 84(324):467–479.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilderson, Frank B. 2020. Afropessimism. Liveright Publishing Corporation, New York.Google Scholar
Wynter, Sylvia. 1971. Novel and History, Plot and Plantation. Savacou 5:95–102.Google Scholar
Wynter, Sylvia. 2003. Unsettling the Coloniality of Being/Power/Truth/Freedom:Towards the Human, After Man, Its Overrepresentation—An Argument. New Centennial Review 3(3):257–337.CrossRefGoogle Scholar