Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-669899f699-chc8l Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-04-29T05:39:01.729Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Literary Form in Early Medieval England

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 April 2025

Jennifer A. Lorden
Affiliation:
William & Mary

Summary

The earliest English writers left little comment on their literary forms. In contrast to the grammatical treatises of late antiquity or critical studies of contemporary and modern literature, early medieval English writing offers only sparse contemporaneous self-commentary, often in brief or conventional notes along the way to other things. But Old English and Latin literature had lively and evolving practices of literary form and formal innovation. Literary Form in Early Medieval England examines both more and lesser known forms, considering the multilingual landscape of early medieval England and showing that Old English literary forms do not simply end with the rupture of the Norman Conquest but continue in surprising ways. Literary Form in Early Medieval England offers a concise tour of what we do know of literary forms, both those that have received more attention and those that have been relatively overlooked, across the first six centuries of English literature.
Get access
Type
Element
Information
Online ISBN: 9781009328630
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication: 08 May 2025

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Element purchase

Temporarily unavailable

Bibliography

Primary Sources

Aldhelm, . Aldhelmi Opera Omnia, ed. Ehwald, R.. Monumenta Germaniae Historica. Auctores Antiquissimi XV. Berlin: Weidmann, 1919.Google Scholar
Aldhelm, . Aldhelm: The Prose Works, trans. Michael Lapidge and Michael Herren. Woodbridge: D. S. Brewer, 1979.Google Scholar
Bede, . Libri II de Arte Metrica et de Schematibus et Tropis, ed. and trans. Kendall, Calvin B.. Saarbrücken: AQ-Verlag, 1991.Google Scholar
Bede, Bede’s Ecclesiastical History of the English People, ed. Colgrave, Bertram and Mynors, R. A. B.. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1969.Google Scholar
Bede, Venerabilis Bedæ Anglosaxonis Presbyteri Opera Omnia, ed. Migne, J. P., vol. 5. Patrologiæ Cursus Completus Series Latina 94. Paris, 1850.Google Scholar
Byrhtferth of Ramsey. Byrhtferth’s Enchiridion, ed. Baker, Peter S. and Lapidge, Michael. EETS s.s. 15. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995.Google Scholar
Campbell, A., ed. The Chronicle of Æthelweard. London: Thomas Nelson, 1962.Google Scholar
Colgrave, Bertram, ed. and trans. Two Lives of Saint Cuthbert: A Life by an Anonymous Monk of Lindisfarne and Bede’s Prose Life. New York: Greenwood, 1969.Google Scholar
Dendle, Peter, ed. and trans. “The Old English ‘Life of Malchus’ and Two Vernacular Tales from the Vitas Patrum in MS Cotton Otho C.i: A Translation (Parts 1 & 2).” English Studies 90, nos. 56 (2009): 505–17, 631–52.Google Scholar
Dickins, Bruce, and Wilson, R. M., eds. Early Middle English Texts. New York: Norton, 1951.Google Scholar
Fulk, R. D., ed. The Beowulf Manuscript. Dumbarton Oaks Medieval Library. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2010.Google Scholar
Fulk, R. D., Bjork, Robert E., and Niles, John D., eds. Klaeber’s Beowulf, Fourth Edition. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2008.Google Scholar
Godden, Malcolm, and Irvine, Susan, eds. The Old English Boethius: An Edition of the Old English Versions of Boethius’s De Consolatione Philosophiae. 2 vols. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Huemer, Johann. Sedulius Opera Omnia. CSEL 10. Vienna, 1885.Google Scholar
Irvine, Susan, ed. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: 7. MS E. Cambridge: Boydell & Brewer, 2004.Google Scholar
Jones, Christopher A., ed. Old English Shorter Poems, Volume I: Religious and Didactic. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2012.Google Scholar
Kramer, Johanna, Magennis, Hugh, and Norris, Robin, ed. and trans. Anonymous Old English Lives of Saints. Dumbarton Oaks Medieval Library. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2020.Google Scholar
Krapp, George Phillip and Dobbie, Elliot Van Kirk, eds. The Anglo-Saxon Poetic Records. 6 vols. New York: Columbia University Press, 1931–42.Google Scholar
Lapidge, Michael, ed. and trans. Bede’s Latin Poetry. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019.Google Scholar
Lapidge, Michael, ed. and trans. The Cult of St Swithun. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.Google Scholar
Lockett, Leslie. Augustine’s Soliloquies in Old English and in Latin. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2022.Google Scholar
Malone, Kemp, ed. Deor, rev. ed. Exeter: Exeter University Press, 1977.Google Scholar
Moffat, Douglas, ed. The Soul’s Address to the Body: The Worcester Fragments. East Lansing, MI: Colleagues Press, 1987.Google Scholar
Scragg, Donald, ed. The Vercelli Homilies and Related Texts. EETS o.s. 300. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992.Google Scholar
Skeat, W. W., ed. Ælfric’s Lives of Saints. EETS 76, 82, 94, 114. London: Oxford University Press, 1881–1900.Google Scholar
Sweet, Henry, ed. King Alfred’s West Saxon Version of Gregory’s Pastoral Care. EETS 45, 50. London, 1871.Google Scholar
Wilcox, Jonathan, ed. Ælfric’s Prefaces. Durham: Durham Medieval Texts, 1994.Google Scholar

Secondary Sources

Beechy, Tiffany. The Poetics of Old English. Farnham: Ashgate, 2010.Google Scholar
Blair, John. The Church in Anglo-Saxon Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bredehoft, Thomas. Early English Metre, 2nd ed. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2005.Google Scholar
Brehe, S. K.Reassembling the First Worcester Fragment.” Speculum 65 (1990): 521–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brent, J. Justin. “From Address to Debate: Generic Considerations in the Debate between Soul and Body.” Comitatus 32 (2001): 118.Google Scholar
Brljak, Vladimir. “Unediting Deor.” Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 112, no. 3 (2011): 297321.Google Scholar
Bullough, D. A.Reminiscence and Reality: Text, Translation and Testimony of an Alcuin Letter.” Journal of Medieval Latin 5 (1995): 174201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cannon, Christopher. The Grounds of English Literature. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.Google Scholar
Carlson, David. “Africa and England c. 700: Aldhelm and P. Optatianus Porphyrius,” Nottingham Medieval Studies 61 (2017): 937.Google Scholar
Claassen, Jo-Marie. “Literary Anamnesis: Boethius Remembers Ovid.” Helios 34, no. 1 (2007): 135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, Amy W. “Familiar Distances: Beating the Bounds of Early English Identity.” PhD Diss., University of California, Berkeley, 2020.Google Scholar
Clayton, Mary. “Homiliaries and Preaching in Anglo-Saxon England.” In Old English Prose: Basic Readings, ed. Szarmach, Paul, 151–98. New York: Garland, 2000.Google Scholar
Cornelius, Ian. Reconstructing Alliterative Verse: The Pursuit of a Medieval Meter. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cornelius, Ian, and Weiskott, Eric. “The Intricacies of Counting to Four in Old English Poetry.” Language and Literature 30, no. 3 (2021): 249–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cubitt, Catherine. “Ælfric’s Lay Patrons.” In A Companion to Ælfric, ed. Magennis, Hugh and Swan, Mary, 165–92. Leiden: Brill, 2009.Google Scholar
Davis, Kathleen. Periodization and Sovereignty: How Ideas of Feudalism and Secularization Govern the Politics of Time. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008.Google Scholar
Donoghue, Daniel. How the Anglo-Saxons Read Their Poems. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dumitrescu, Irina. The Experience of Education in Anglo-Saxon Literature. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Faulkner, Mark. “Quantifying the Consistency of ‘Standard’ Old English Spelling.” Transactions of the Philological Society 118, no. 1 (2020): 192205.Google Scholar
Fiedler, H. G.The Sources of the First Blickling Homily.” Modern Language Quarterly 6 (1903): 122–24.Google Scholar
Foley, John Miles. Immanent Art: From Structure to Meaning in Traditional Oral Epic. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1991.Google Scholar
Foley, John MilesTexts that Speak to Readers Who Hear: Old English Poetry and the Language of Oral Tradition.” In Speaking Two Languages: Traditional Disciplines and Contemporary Theory in Medieval Studies, ed. Frantzen, Allen, 141–56. Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 1991.Google Scholar
Frank, Roberta. “The Search for the Anglo-Saxon Oral Poet,” Bulletin of the John Rylands University of Manchester, 75, no. 1 (1993): 1136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frank, RobertaA Taste for Knottiness: Skaldic Art at Cnut’s Court.” Anglo-Saxon England 47 (2018): 197217.Google Scholar
Friesen, Bill. “Visions and Revisions: The Sources and Analogues of the Old English Andreas.” PhD Diss., University of Toronto, 2008.Google Scholar
Fry, Donald K.Old English Formulaic Themes and Type-Scenes.” Neophilologus 52, no. 1 (1968): 4854.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fulk, R. D. A History of Old English Meter. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1992.Google Scholar
Gatch, Milton McC. “King Alfred’s Version of Augustine’s Soliloquia: Some Suggestions on Its Rationale and Unity.” Old English Prose: Basic Readings, ed. Szarmach, Paul, 199236. New York: Garland, 2000.Google Scholar
Gittos, Helen. “The Audience for Old English Texts: Ælfric, Rhetoric, and ‘the Edification of the Simple’.Anglo-Saxon England 43 (2014): 231–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gneuss, Helmut. “The Origin of Standard Old English and Æthelwold’s School at Winchester.” Anglo-Saxon England 1 (1972): 6383.Google Scholar
Godden, Malcolm. “Did King Alfred Write Anything?Medium Ævum 76, no. 1 (2007): 123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Godman, Peter. “The Anglo-Latin opus geminatum: From Aldhelm to Alcuin.” Medium Ævum 50, no. 2 (1981): 215–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gretsch, Mechthild. “The Roman Psalter, Its Old English Glosses and the English Benedictine Reform.” In The Liturgy of the Late Anglo-Saxon Church, ed. Gittos, Helen and Bedingfield, M. Bradford, 1328. Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer, 2005.Google Scholar
Gretsch, MechthildWinchester Vocabulary and Standard Old English: The Vernacular in Late Anglo-Saxon England.” Bulletin of the John Rylands Library 83, no. 1 (2001): 4187.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hanna, Ralph. “Alliterative Poetry.” In The Cambridge History of Medieval English Literature, ed. Wallace, David, 488512. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heningham, Eleanor K. “An Early Latin Debate of the Body and Soul Preserved in MS Royal 7 A III in the British Museum.” PhD Diss., New York University, 1937.Google Scholar
Howe, Nicholas. The Old English Catalogue Poems. Copenhagen: Rosenkilde & Bagger, 1985.Google Scholar
Irvine, Susan. “The Compilation and Use of Manuscripts Containing Old English in the Twelfth Century.” In Rewriting Old English in the Twelfth Century, ed. Swan, Mary and Treharne, Elain M., 4161. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.Google Scholar
Ker, N. R. Catalogue of Manuscripts Containing Anglo-Saxon. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1957.Google Scholar
Kim, Susan M. “‘In his heart he believed in God, but he could not speak like a man’: Martyrdom, Monstrosity, Speech, and the Dog-Headed Saint Christopher.” In Writers, Editors, and Exemplars in Medieval English Texts, ed. Rowley, S. M., 235–50. London: Palgrave, 2021.Google Scholar
Lapidge, Michael. Anglo-Latin Literature, 2 vols. London: Hambledon Press, 2003–2004.Google Scholar
Lapidge, MichaelThe School of Theodore and Hadrian.” Anglo-Saxon England 15 (1986): 4572.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lorden, Jennifer A. Forms of Devotion in Early English Poetry: The Poetics of Feeling. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2023.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lorden, Jennifer A.Landscapes of Devotion: The Settings of St Swithun’s Early uitae.” Anglo-Saxon England 45 (2016): 285309.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lorden, Jennifer A.Revisiting the Legendary History of Deor.” Medium Ævum 90, no. 2 (2021): 197216.Google Scholar
Lorden, Jennifer A.Tale and Parable: Theorizing Fictions in the Old English Boethius.” PMLA 136, no. 3 (2021): 340–55.Google Scholar
Lund, Arendse. “Cynescipe, Bishop Æthelwold, and the Spread of Legal Language.” Law, Literature, and Social Regulation in Early Medieval England, ed. Adair, Anya and Rabin, Andrew, 5467. Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer, 2023.Google Scholar
Magoun, Francis P. Jr. “Oral-Formulaic Character of Anglo-Saxon Narrative Poetry.” Speculum 28, no. 3 (1953): 446–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morini, Carla. “The Old English Apollonius and Wulfstan of York.” Leeds Studies in English, n.s. 36 (2005): 63104.Google Scholar
Niles, John D. The Idea of Anglo-Saxon England 1066–1901: Remembering, Forgetting, Deciphering, and Renewing the Past. Oxford: Wiley, 2015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O’Brien O’Keeffe, Katherine. “Deaths and Transformations: Thinking through the ‘End’ of Old English Verse.” New Directions in Oral Theory, ed. Amodio, Mark C., 149–78. Tempe, AZ: ACMRS, 2005.Google Scholar
O’Brien O’Keeffe, Katherine Visible Song: Transitional Literacy in Old English Verse. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.Google Scholar
Orchard, Andy, ed. The Old English and Anglo-Latin Riddle Tradition. Dumbarton Oaks Medieval Library. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2021.Google Scholar
Powell, Allison. “Verbal Parallels in Andreas and its Relationship to Beowulf and Cynewulf.” PhD Diss., University of Cambridge, 2002.Google Scholar
Proud, Joanna. “Old English Prose Saints’ Lives in the Twelfth Century: The Evidence of the Extant Manuscripts.” Rewriting Old English in the Twelfth Century, ed. Swan, Mary and Treharne, Elain M., 117–31. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.Google Scholar
Rambaran-Olm, Mary. “On or About 1066.” The Routledge Companion to Politics and Literature in English, ed. Stratton, Matthew, 161–71. London: Routledge, 2023.Google Scholar
Rambaran-Olm, MaryA Wrinkle in Medieval Time: Ironing Out Issues of Race, Temporality, and the Early English.” New Literary History 52, nos. 34 (2021): 385406.Google Scholar
Reider, Alexandra. “The Phoenix and the Interlingual Dimensions of Early English Literary Culture.” JEGP 121, no. 4 (2022): 431–51.Google Scholar
Reynolds, Susan. “What Do We Mean by ‘Anglo-Saxon’ and ‘Anglo-Saxons’?Journal of British Studies 24, no. 4 (1985): 395414.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosser, Susan. “Old English Prose Saints’ Lives in the Twelfth Century: The Life of Martin in Bodley 343.” Rewriting Old English in the Twelfth Century, ed. Swan, Mary and Treharne, Elaine M., 132–42. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.Google Scholar
Sievers, Eduard. Altgermanische Metrik. Halle: Max Niemeyer, 1893.Google Scholar
Smith, D. Vance. Arts of Dying: Literature and Finitude in Medieval England. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2020.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, Scott Thompson. “The Edgar Poems and the Poetics of Failure in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.” Anglo-Saxon England 39 (2010): 105–37.Google Scholar
Stanley, Eric. The Search for Anglo-Saxon Paganism. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 1964. Reprinted in Imagining the Anglo-Saxon Past: The Search for Anglo-Saxon Paganism and Anglo-Saxon Trial by Jury. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 2000.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, Scott ThompsonWulfstan and Ælfric: ‘The True Difference between the Law and the Gospel.’” Wulfstan, Archbishop of York: The Proceedings of the Second Alcuin Conference, ed. Townend, Matthew, 429–41. Turnhout, Brepols, 2004.Google Scholar
Stephenson, Rebecca. “Ælfric of Eynsham and Hermeneutic Latin: ‘Meatim Sed et Rustica’ Reconsidered.” Journal of Medieval Latin 16 (2006): 111–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stephenson, Rebecca The Politics of Language: Byrhtferth, Ælfric, and the Multilingual Identity of the Benedictine Reform. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2015.Google Scholar
Thomas, Daniel. “A Close Fitt: Reading Beowulf Fitt II with the Andreas Poet,” Anglo-Saxon England 48 (2019): 141.Google Scholar
Thornbury, Emily. Becoming a Poet in Anglo-Saxon England. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014.Google Scholar
Thornbury, EmilyThe Ornament of Virginity: Aldhelm’s De uirginitate and the Virtuous Women of the Early English Church.” In Feminist Approaches to Early Medieval English Studies, ed. Norris, Robin, Stephenson, Rebecca, and Trilling, Renée R, 171–95. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2023.Google Scholar
Treharne, Elaine. “Categorization, Periodization: The Silence of (the) English in the Twelfth Century.” New Medieval Literatures 8 (2006): 247–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Treharne, Elaine Living through Conquest: The Politics of Early English, 1020–1220. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012. Google Scholar
Trilling, Renée. The Aesthetics of Nostalgia: Historical Representation in Old English Verse. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Tyler, Elizabeth M. Old English Poetics: The Aesthetics of the Familiar in Anglo-Saxon England. York: York Medieval Press, 2006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watson, Nicholas. Balaam’s Ass, Volume I: Frameworks, Arguments, English to 1250. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2022.Google Scholar
Weaver, Erica. “Hybrid Forms: Translating Boethius in Anglo-Saxon England.” Anglo-Saxon England 45 (2016): 213–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weiskott, Eric. English Alliterative Verse: Poetic Tradition and Literary History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016.Google Scholar
Weston, Lisa M.Honeyed Words and Waxen Tablets: Aldhelm’s Bees and the Materiality of Anglo-Saxon Literacy.” Mediaevalia 41 (2020): 4369.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whatley, E. Gordon. “Lost in Translation: Omission of Episodes in Some Old English Prose Saints’ Legends.” Anglo-Saxon England 26 (1997): 187208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whitelock, Dorothy, “The Prose of Alfred’s Reign.” In Continuations and Beginnings: Studies in Old English Literature, ed. Stanley, Eric, 67103. London: Nelson, 1966.Google Scholar
Wilton, David. “What Do We Mean by Anglo-Saxon? Pre-Conquest to the Present.” JEGP 119, no. 4 (2020): 425–56.Google Scholar
Yakovlev, Nikolai. “The Development of Alliterative Metre from Old to Middle English.” DPhil Thesis, University of Oxford, 2008.Google Scholar

Save element to Kindle

To save this element to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Literary Form in Early Medieval England
Available formats
×

Save element to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Literary Form in Early Medieval England
Available formats
×

Save element to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Literary Form in Early Medieval England
Available formats
×