Book contents
- Comprehensive Deterrence Theory
- Comprehensive Deterrence Theory
- Copyright page
- Epigraph
- Contents
- Figures
- Tables
- Preface
- Acknowledgments
- 1 Introduction
- 2 The Need for Reconceptualizing Deterrence Theory
- 3 Research on Deterrence
- 4 Comprehensive Deterrence Theory: Intrinsic Elements
- 5 Comprehensive Deterrence Theory: Principles
- 6 Comprehensive Deterrence Theory: Next Steps for Advancing CDT
- 7 Comprehensive Deterrence Theory: Points of Clarification
- 8 Comprehensive Deterrence Theory: Policy Implications
- 9 Conclusion
- References
- Index
- References
References
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 06 March 2025
Book contents
- Comprehensive Deterrence Theory
- Comprehensive Deterrence Theory
- Copyright page
- Epigraph
- Contents
- Figures
- Tables
- Preface
- Acknowledgments
- 1 Introduction
- 2 The Need for Reconceptualizing Deterrence Theory
- 3 Research on Deterrence
- 4 Comprehensive Deterrence Theory: Intrinsic Elements
- 5 Comprehensive Deterrence Theory: Principles
- 6 Comprehensive Deterrence Theory: Next Steps for Advancing CDT
- 7 Comprehensive Deterrence Theory: Points of Clarification
- 8 Comprehensive Deterrence Theory: Policy Implications
- 9 Conclusion
- References
- Index
- References
Summary
A summary is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Comprehensive Deterrence TheoryThe Science and Policy of Punishment, pp. 241 - 262Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2025
References
Abbott, Andrew. 1997. “Of Time and Space: The Contemporary Relevance of the Chicago School.” Social Forces 75:1149–1182.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abed, Javad, and Weistroffer, Heinz R.. 2016. “Understand Deterrence Theory in Security Compliance Behavior: A Quantitative Meta-Analysis Approach.” SAIS Proceedings, St. Augustine, FL, March 18-19. 28:1-6.Google Scholar
Adler, Patricia S., and Adler, Peter. 1983. “Shifts and Oscillations in Deviant Careers: The Case of Upper-Level Drug Dealers and Smugglers.” Social Problems 31:195–207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Agnew, Robert. 1992. “Foundation for a General Strain Theory of Crime and Delinquency.” Criminology 30:47–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Åkerlund, David, Golsteyn, Bart H. H., Grönqvist, Hans, and Lindahl, Lena. 2016. “Time Discounting and Criminal Behavior.” PNAS 113(22):6160–6165.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Akers, Ronald L. 1990. “Rational Choice Theory, Deterrence, and Social Learning Theory in Criminology: The Path Not Taken.” Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 81:653–676.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Akers, Ronald L., Krohn, Marvin D., Lanza-Kaduce, Lonn, and Radosevich, Marcia. 1979. “Social Learning and Deviant Behavior: A Specific Test of a General Theory.” American Sociological Review 44:635–655.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Akers, Ronald L., Sellers, Christine S., and Jennings, Wesley G.. 2021. Criminological Theories: Introduction, Evaluation, and Application. 8th ed. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Allen, Francis A. 1959. “Criminal Justice, Legal Values and the Rehabilitative Ideal.” Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 50:226–252.Google Scholar
Alper, Mariel, and Durose, Matthew R.. 2018. 2018 Update on Prisoner Recidivism: A 9-Year Follow-Up Period (2005–2014). Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics.Google Scholar
Andenaes, Johannes. 1974. Punishment and Deterrence. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Andenaes, Johannes. 1966. “The General Preventive Effects of Punishment.” University of Pennsylvania Law Review 114:949–983.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, Elijah. 2000. Code of the Street: Decency, Violence, and the Moral Life of the Inner City. New York: Norton.Google Scholar
Anderson, Lars. 2017. “How Streaking Could Change Your Life.” Bleacher Report, June 14. Available at https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2715432-justin-buchanan-reds-cubs-jimi-long-streaking-army-navy-military.Google Scholar
Antenangeli, Leonardo, and Durose, Matthew R.. 2021. Recidivism of Prisoners Released in 24 States in 2008: A 10-Year Follow-Up Period (2018–2018). Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics.Google Scholar
Antonucci, Toni C., Ajrouch, Kristine J., Webster, Noah J., and Zahodne, Laura B.. 2019. “Social Relations across the Life Span: Scientific Advances, Emerging Issues, and Future Challenges.” Annual Review of Developmental Psychology 1:313–336.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anwar, Shamena, and Loughran, Thomas A.. 2011. “Testing a Bayesian Learning Theory of Deterrence among Serious Juvenile Offenders.” Criminology 49:667–698.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Apel, Robert. 2022. “Sanctions, Perceptions, and Crime.” Annual Review of Criminology 5:205–227.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Apel, Robert. 2013. “Sanctions, Perceptions, and Crime: Implications for Criminal Deterrence.” Journal of Quantitative Criminology 29:67–101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Apel, Robert, and DeWitt, Samuel E.. 2018. “Informal and Formal Sanctions.” Pp. 139–156 in Deterrence, Choice, and Crime: Contemporary Perspectives, edited by Nagin, Daniel S., Cullen, Francis T., and Jonson, Cheryl L.. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Apel, Robert, and Nagin, Daniel S.. 2011. “General Deterrence: A Review of Recent Evidence.” Crime and Public Policy 4:411–436.Google Scholar
Arendt, Hannah. 1963. Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil. New York: Viking Press.Google Scholar
Aristotle, . 2009 [350 BC]. The Nichomachean Ethics. Translated by David Ross. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Aziani, Alberto. 2022. “What Happens When the Police Go on Strike? Homicides Increase. Evidence from Ceará, Brazil.” Global Crime 23:365–391.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bachman, Ronet, Paternoster, Raymond, and Ward, Sally. 1992. “The Rationality of Sexual Offending: Testing a Deterrence/Rational Choice Conception of Sexual Assault.” Law and Society Review 26:343–372.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baird, Robert M., and Rosenbaum, Stuart E., eds. 1988. Philosophy of Punishment. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books.Google Scholar
Baker, Thomas, and Piquero, Alex R.. 2010. “Assessing the Perceived Benefits–Criminal Offending Relationship.” Journal of Criminal Justice 38:981–987.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bales, William D., and Mears, Daniel P.. 2008. “Inmate Social Ties and the Transition to Society: Does Visitation Reduce Recidivism?” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 45:287–321.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnum, Timothy C., Nagin, Daniel S., and Pogarsky, Greg. 2021. “Sanction Risk Perceptions, Coherence, and Deterrence.” Criminology 59:195–223.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beccaria, Cesare. 1963 [1764]. On Crimes and Punishments. Translated by Henry Paolucci. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
Becker, Gary S. 1968. “Crime and Punishment: An Economic Approach.” Journal of Political Economy 76:169–217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Becker, Howard. 1963. Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of Deviance. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Beckett, Katherine. 2022. Ending Mass Incarceration: Why It Persists and How to Achieve Meaningful Reform. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bedeian, Arthur G. 2016. “A Note on the Aphorism ‘There Is Nothing as Practical as a Good Theory.’” Journal of Management History 22:236–242.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bentham, Jeremy. 2018 [1789]. An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation. Scotts Valley, CA: Amazon’s CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berger, Peter L., and Luckmann, Thomas. 1966. The Social Construction of Reality. Garden City, NY: Anchor Books.Google Scholar
Bernard, Thomas J., and Engel, Robin S.. 2001. “Conceptualizing Criminal Justice Theory.” Justice Quarterly 18:1–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Biderman, Albert D., and Reiss, Albert J. Jr. 1967. “On Exploring the ‘Dark Figure’ of Crime.” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 374:1–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blalock, Hubert M. 1967. Toward a Theory of Minority Group Relations. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Block, Carolyn R., and Block, Richard L.. 1984. “Crime Definition, Crime Measurement, and Victim Surveys.” Journal of Social Issues 40:137–159.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Block, Frederic. 2016. Eastern State District Court, Eastern District of New York v. Chevelle Nesbeth. Opinion 15-CR-18 (FB). May 24.Google Scholar
Blomberg, Thomas G., Brancale, Julie M., Beaver, Kevin M., and Bales, William D., eds. 2016. Advancing Criminology and Criminal Justice Policy. New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blomberg, Thomas G., Copp, Jennifer E., and Turanovic, Jillian J.. 2024. “Challenges and Prospects for Evidence-Informed Policy in Criminology.” Annual Review of Criminology 7:11.1–11.20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blumstein, Alfred. 1997. “Interaction of Criminological Research and Public Policy.” Journal of Quantitative Criminology 12:349–362.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bolger, P. Colin, and Walters, Glenn D.. 2019. “The Relationship between Police Procedural Justice, Police Legitimacy and People’s Willingness to Co-operate with Law Enforcement: A Meta-Analysis.” Journal of Criminal Justice 60:93–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Botchkovar, Ekaterina V., Tittle, Charles R., and Antonaccio, Olena. 2009. “General Strain Theory: Additional Evidence Using Cross-Cultural Data.” Criminology 47:131–176.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bottoms, Anthony E. 1999. “Interpersonal Violence and Social Order in Prisons.” Crime and Justice 26:205–281.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bottoms, Anthony E., and Tankebe, Justice. 2012. “Beyond Procedural Justice: A Dialogic Approach to Legitimacy in Criminal Justice.” Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 102:119–170.Google Scholar
Bouffard, Jeffrey A., Bry, Jeff, Smith, Shamayne, and Bry, Rhonda. 2008. “Beyond the ‘Science of Sophomores’: Does the Rational Choice Explanation of Crime Generalize from University Students to an Actual Offender Sample?” International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 52:698–721.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Braga, Anthony A., and Apel, Robert. 2016. “And We Wonder Why Criminology Is Sometimes Considered Irrelevant in Real-World Policy Considerations.” Criminology and Public Policy 15:813-820.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Braga, Anthony A., and Weisburd, David. 2012. “The Effects of Focused Deterrence Strategies on Crime: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Empirical Evidence.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 49:323–358.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Braga, Anthony A., Brunson, Rod K., and Drakulich, Kevin M.. 2019. “Race, Place, and Effective Policing.” Annual Review of Sociology 45:535–555.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Braga, Anthony A., Weisburd, David, and Turchan, Brandon. 2018. “Focused Deterrence Strategies and Crime Control: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Empirical Evidence.” Criminology and Public Policy 17:205–250.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Braithwaite, John. 2018. “Minimally Sufficient Deterrence.” Crime and Justice 47:69–118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Braithwaite, John. 1989. Crime, Shame and Reintegration. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brawley, Anna B. 2017. “A Logical Absurdity: Jeremy Bentham and the Auto-Icon.” Episteme 17:47–61.Google Scholar
Brown, Don W. 1978. “Arrest Rates and Crime Rates: When Does a Tipping Effect Occur?” Social Forces 57:671–682.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, Samantha J., Mears, Daniel P., Collier, Nicole L., Montes, Andrea N., Pesta, George B., and Siennick, Sonja E.. 2020. “Education vs. Punishment? Silo Effects and the School-to-Prison Pipeline.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 57:403–443.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bucci, Rebecca. 2024. “Addressing the ‘Dirty Little Secret’ of Deterrence: Testing the Effects of Increased Police Presence on Perceptions of Arrest Risk.” Journal of Quantitative Criminology 40:311–342.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burkett, Steven R., and Ward, David A.. 1993. “A Note on Perceptual Deterrence, Religiously Based Moral Condemnation, and Social Control.” Criminology 31:119–134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burns, Ronald G., and Meitl, Michele B.. 2020. “Prosecution, Defense, and Sentencing of White-Collar Crime.” Pp. 279–296 in The Handbook of White-Collar Crime, edited by Rorie, Melissa L.. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.Google Scholar
Butts, Jeffrey A., and Mears, Daniel P.. 2001. “Reviving Juvenile Justice in a Get-Tough Era.” Youth and Society 33:169–198.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carmichael, Stephanie, and Piquero, Alex R.. 2004. “Sanctions, Perceived Anger, and Criminal Offending.” Journal of Quantitative Criminology 20:371–393.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chalfin, Aaron, and McCrary, Justin. 2017. “Criminal Deterrence: A Review of the Literature.” Journal of Economic Literature 55:5–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chambliss, William J. 1967. “Types of Deviance and the Effectiveness of Legal Sanctions.” Wisconsin Law Review 3:703–719.Google Scholar
Chiricos, Theodore G., and Waldo, Gordon P.. 1970. “Punishment and Crime: An Examination of Some Empirical Evidence.” Social Problems 18:200–217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Choi, Jaeyong, Kruis, Nathan E., and Kim, Jonggil. 2019. “Examining the Links between General Strain and Control Theories: An Investigation of Delinquency in South Korea.” Asian Journal of Criminology 14:201–221.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clear, Todd R. 2009. Imprisoning Communities: How Mass Incarceration Makes Disadvantaged Neighborhoods Worse. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Clear, Todd R., and Frost, Natasha A.. 2013. The Punishment Imperative: The Rise and Failure of Mass Incarceration in America. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Cochran, John K., Aleksa, Valentina, and Sanders, Beth A.. 2008. “Are Persons Low in Self-Control Rational and Deterrable?” Deviant Behavior 29:461–483.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cochran, Joshua C. 2014. “Breaches in the Wall: Imprisonment, Social Support, and Recidivism.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 51:200–229.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cochran, Joshua C., Mears, Daniel P., and Bales, William D.. 2014. “Assessing the Effectiveness of Correctional Sanctions.” Journal of Quantitative Criminology 30:317–347.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, Lawrence E., and Felson, Marcus. 1979. “Social Change and Crime Rate Trends: A Routine Activities Approach.” American Sociological Review 44:588–608.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cooper, Jonathon, and Worrall, John L.. 2012. “Theorizing Criminal Justice Evaluation and Research.” Criminal Justice Review 37:384–397.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Costello, Barbara J., and Hope, Trina L.. 2016. Peer Pressure, Peer Prevention: The Role of Friends in Crime and Conformity. New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crouch, Ben M. 1993. “Is Incarceration Really Worse? Analysis of Offenders’ Preferences for Prison over Probation.” Justice Quarterly 10:67–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cullen, Francis T. 2005. “The Twelve People Who Saved Rehabilitation: How the Science of Criminology Made a Difference.” Criminology 43:1–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cullen, Francis T., Jonson, Cheryl L., and Mears, Daniel P.. 2017. “Reinventing Community Corrections.” Crime and Justice 46:27–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cullen, Francis T., Jonson, Cheryl L., and Nagin, Daniel S.. 2011. “Prisons Do Not Reduce Recidivism: The High Cost of Ignoring Science.” The Prison Journal 91:48S–65S.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cullen, Francis T., Pratt, Travis C., Turanovic, Jillian J., and Butler, Leah. 2018. “When Bad News Arrives: Project HOPE in a Post-Factual World.” Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 34:13–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, Robert C., Smith, Barbara E., and Taylor, Bruce. 2003. “Increasing the Proportion of Domestic Violence Arrests That Are Prosecuted: A Natural Experiment in Milwaukee.” Criminology and Public Policy 2:263–282.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Decker, Scott H., Melde, Chris, and Pyrooz, David C.. 2013. “What Do We Know about Gangs and Gang Members and Where Do We Go from Here?” Justice Quarterly 30:369–402.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Decker, Scott H., Wright, Richard, and Logie, Robert. 1993. “Perceptual Deterrence among Active Residential Burglars: A Research Note.” Criminology 31:135–147.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dickinson, Timothy, and Jacques, Scott. 2019. “Drug Sellers’ Neutralizations of Guiltless Drug Sales and Avoidance of ‘Drug Dealer’ Identities.” International Journal of Drug Policy 73:16–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
JrDionne, E. J.. 1987. “Biden Withdraws Bid for President in Wake of Furor.” The New York Times, September 24, p. A1.Google Scholar
Dölling, Dieter, Entorf, Horst, Hermann, Dieter, and Rupp, Thomas. 2009. “Is Deterrence Effective? Results of a Meta-Analysis of Punishment.” European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research 15:201–224.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duffee, David E. 2015. “Why Is Criminal Justice Theory Important?” Pp. 5–26 in Criminal Justice Theory: Explaining the Nature and Behavior of Criminal Justice, edited by Maguire, Edward R. and Duffee, David E.. 2nd ed. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Durlauf, Steven N., and Nagin, Daniel S.. 2011. “Imprisonment and Crime: Can Both Be Reduced?” Criminology and Public Policy 10:13–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Durose, Matthew R., and Antenangeli, Leonardo. 2021. Recidivism of Prisoners Released in 34 States in 2012: A 5-Year Follow-Up Period (2012–2017). Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics.Google Scholar
Durose, Matthew R., Cooper, Alexia D., and Snyder, Howard N.. 2014. Recidivism of Prisoners Released in 30 States in 2005: Patterns from 2005 to 2010. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics.Google Scholar
Eck, John E., and Madensen-Herold, Tamara D.. 2018. “Place Management, Guardianship, and the Establishment of Order.” Pp. 269–307 in Deterrence, Choice, and Crime: Contemporary Perspectives, edited by Nagin, Daniel S., Cullen, Francis T., and Jonson, Cheryl L.. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Ekland-Olson, Sheldon, and Gibbs, Jack P.. 2018. Science and Sociology: Predictive Power Is the Name of the Game. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Ekland-Olson, Sheldon, Supancic, Michael, Campbell, James, and Lenihan, Kenneth J.. 1983. “Postrelease Depression and the Importance of Social Support.” Criminology 21:253–275.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Enns, Peter K. 2016. Incarceration Nation: How the United States Became the Most Punitive Democracy in the World. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Erickson, Maynard L., and Gibbs, Jack P.. 1979. “On the Perceived Severity of Legal Penalties.” Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 70:102–116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Erickson, Maynard L., and Gibbs, Jack P.. 1973. “The Deterrence Question: Some Alternative Methods of Analysis.” Social Science Quarterly 54:534–551.Google Scholar
Erickson, Maynard L., Gibbs, Jack P., and Jensen, Gary F.. 1977. “The Deterrence Doctrine and the Perceived Certainty of Legal Punishments.” American Sociological Review 42:305–317.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Exum, M. Lyn. 2002. “The Application and Robustness of the Rational Choice Perspective in the Study of Intoxicated and Angry Intentions to Aggress.” Criminology 40:933–966.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fagan, Jeffrey, and Piquero, Alex R.. 2007. “Rational Choice and Developmental Influences on Recidivism among Adolescent Felony Offenders.” Journal of Empirical Legal Studies 4:715–748.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Farina, Flavia. 2021. “The Therapeutic Function of Punishment in Aristotle.” Italian Law Journal 1:381–396.Google Scholar
Farrington, David P., Kazemian, Lila, and Piquero, Alex R., eds. 2018. The Oxford Handbook of Developmental and Life-Course Criminology. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Foucault, Michel. 1977. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. Translated by Alan Sheridan. New York: Pantheon.Google Scholar
Friedman, Lawrence M. 1994. Crime and Punishment in American History. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Frost, Natasha A. 2008. “The Mismeasure of Punishment: Alternative Measures of Punitiveness and Their (Substantial) Consequences.” Punishment and Society 10:277–300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frost, Natasha A., and Clear, Todd R.. 2012. “New Directions in Correctional Research.” Justice Quarterly 29:619–649.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gallupe, Owen, and Baron, Stephen W.. 2014. “Morality, Self-Control, Deterrence, and Drug Use: Street Youths and Situational Action Theory.” Crime and Delinquency 60:284–305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garcia, Marie, ed. 2016. Restrictive Housing in the U.S.: Issues, Challenges, and Future Directions. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.Google Scholar
Garland, David. 2013. “The 2012 Sutherland Address: Penality and the Penal State.” Criminology 51:475–517.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garner, Joel, Maxwell, Christopher D., and Lee, Jina. 2021. “The Specific Deterrent Effects of Criminal Sanctions for Intimate Partner Violence: A Meta-Analysis.” Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 111:227–271.Google Scholar
Gibbs, Jack P. 1997. “Seven Dimensions of the Predictive Power of Sociological Theories.” National Journal of Sociology 11:1–28.Google Scholar
Gibbs, Jack P. 1986. “Deterrence Theory and Research.” Pp. 87–130 in The Law as a Behavioral Instrument, edited by Melton, Gary B.. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.Google Scholar
Gibbs, Jack P. 1978. “The Death Penalty, Retribution and Penal Policy.” Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 69:291–299.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gibbs, Jack P. 1968. “Crime, Punishment, and Deterrence.” Social Science Quarterly 48:515–530.Google Scholar
Goldman, Margaret, and Rodriguez, Nancy. 2022. “Juvenile Court in the School–Prison Nexus: Youth Punishment, Schooling and Structures of Inequality.” Journal of Crime and Justice 45:270–284.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gómez-Bellvís, Ana B., Piquero, Alex R., Miró-Llinares, Fernando, Piquero, Nicole L., and Castro-Toledo, Javier. 2023. “Certainty, But How Certain? Severity, But How Severe? A Quasi-Experimental Study on Digital Piracy Deterrence in a Spanish Citizens Sample.” Crime and Delinquency. Available at https://doi.org/10.1177/00111287231170110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gottfredson, Michael R., and Hirschi, Travis. 1990. A General Theory of Crime. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gottfredson, Michael R., and Hirschi, Travis. 1986. “The True Value of Lambda Would Appear to Be Zero: An Essay on Career Criminals, Criminal Careers, Selective Incapacitation, Cohort Studies, and Related Topics.” Criminology 24:213–234.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gottschalk, Marie. 2006. The Prison and the Gallows: The Politics of Mass Incarceration in America. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Gray, Louis N., Stafford, Mark C., and Tallman, Irving. 1991. “Rewards and Punishments in Complex Human Choices.” Social Psychology Quarterly 54:318–329.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Green, Darren. 2024. “Anytime, Anywhere: Understanding Random Breath Testing Deployments at the Local Level.” Journal of Criminology 57:83–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hawken, Angela, and Kleiman, Mark. 2009. Managing Drug-Involved Probationers with Swift and Certain Sanctions: Evaluating Hawaii’s HOPE. Washington, DC: National Institute of JusticeGoogle Scholar
Hay, Carter. 2001. “Parenting, Self-Control, and Delinquency: A Test of Self-Control Theory.” Criminology 39:707–736.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henning, Peter J. 2015. “Is Deterrence Relevant in Sentencing White-Collar Criminals.” Wayne Law Review 61:27–59.Google Scholar
Hirschfield, Paul J. 2008. “Preparing for Prison? The Criminalization of School Discipline in the USA.” Theoretical Criminology 12:79–101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hirschi, Travis. 1969. Causes of Delinquency. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Hirschi, Travis, and Gottfredson, Michael R.. 1983. “Age and the Explanation of Crime.” American Journal of Sociology 89:552–584.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howe, Edmund S., and Brandau, Cynthia J.. 1988. “Additive Effects of Certainty, Severity, and Celerity of Punishment on Judgments of Crime Deterrence Scale Value.” Journal of Applied Psychology 18:796–812.Google Scholar
Howe, Edmund S., and Loftus, Thomas C.. 1996. “Integration of Certainty, Severity, and Celerity Information in Judged Deterrence Value: Further Evidence and Methodological Equivalence.” Journal of Applied Social Psychology 26:226–242.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howell, James C. 1996. “Juvenile Transfers to the Criminal Justice System: State of the Art.” Law and Policy 18:17–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacobs, Bruce A. 2010. “Deterrence and Deterrability.” Criminology 48:417–441.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacobs, Bruce A., Topalli, Volkan, and Wright, Richard. 2003. “Carjacking, Streetlife and Offender Motivation.” British Journal of Criminology 43:673–688.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jaynes, Chae M., and Wilson, Theodore. 2022. “Dreaded Delayed Punishment: Reconceptualizing Sanction ‘Celerity.’” Journal of Crime and Justice 45:285–303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jensen, Gary F. 1969. “‘Crime Doesn’t Pay’: Correlates of a Shared Misunderstanding.” Social Problems 17:189–201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaiser, Florian, Huss, Björn, and Reinecke, Jost. 2022. “Revisiting the Experiential Effect: How Criminal Offending Affects Juveniles’ Perceptions of Detection Risk.” Journal of Developmental and Life-Course Criminology 8:47–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Katz, Jack. 1988. Seductions of Crime: Moral and Sensual Attractions in Doing Evil. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Keefe, Patrick R. 2022. Rogue: True Stories of Grifters, Killers, Rebels and Crooks. New York: Doubleday.Google Scholar
Kerley, Kent R., and Benson, Michael L.. 2000. “Does Community-Oriented Policing Help Build Stronger Communities?” Police Quarterly 3:46–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Killias, Martin, and Villettaz, Patrice. 2008. “The Effects of Custodial versus Non-Custodial Sentences on Re-offending: Lessons from a Systematic Review.” Psicothema 20:29–34.Google Scholar
Kim, Yushim, Zhong, Wei, and Chun, Yongwan. 2013. “Modeling Sanction Choices on Fraudulent Benefit Exchanges in Public Service Delivery.” Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation 16:1–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, Yushim, Zhong, Wei, and Chun, Yongwan. 2009. “The Interplay of Certainty, Severity, and Celerity in Punishment for Wrongdoing.” Presentation, October 3. Columbus, OH: Public Management Research Conference.Google Scholar
Kleck, Gary, and Barnes, J. C.. 2008. “Deterrence and Macro-Level Perceptions of Punishment Risks: Is There a ‘Collective Wisdom’?” Crime and Delinquency 59:1006–1035.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kleck, Gary, and Sever, Brion. 2018. Punishment and Crime: The Limits of Punitive Crime Control. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Kleck, Gary, Sever, Brion, Li, Spencer, and Gertz, Marc. 2005. “The Missing Link in General Deterrence Research.” Criminology 43:623–660.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klein, Malcolm W. 1979. “Deinstitutionalization and Diversion of Juvenile Offenders: A Litany of Impediments.” Crime and Justice 1:145–201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klepper, Steven, and Nagin, Daniel. 1989. “The Deterrent Effect of Perceived Certainty and Severity of Punishment Revisited.” Criminology 27:721–746.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kraska, Peter B. 2006. “Criminal Justice Theory: Toward Legitimacy and an Infrastructure.” Justice Quarterly 23:167–185.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kubrin, Charis E., and Weitzer, Ronald. 2003. “New Directions in Social Disorganization Theory.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 40:351–453.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuo, Kuang-Ming, Talley, Paul C., and Huang, Chi-Hsien. 2020. “A Meta-Analysis of the Deterrence Theory in Security-Compliant and Security-Risk Behaviors.” Computers and Security 96:101928.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kupchik, Aaron. 2010. Homeroom Security: School Discipline in an Age of Fear. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Latessa, Edward J., and Lovins, Lori B.. 2019. “Privatization of Community Corrections.” Criminology and Public Policy 18:323–341.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Latessa, Edward J., Johnson, Shelley L., and Koetzle, Deborah. 2020. What Works (and Doesn’t) in Reducing Recidivism. 2nd ed. New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laub, John H. 2021. “Moving the National Institute of Justice Forward: July 2010 through December 2012.” Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 37:166–174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lawpoolsri, Saranath, Li, Jingyi, and Braver, Elisa R.. 2007. “Do Speeding Tickets Reduce the Likelihood of Receiving Subsequent Speeding Tickets? A Longitudinal Study of Speeding Violators in Maryland.” Traffic Injury Prevention 8:26–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lebow, Richard N. 2007. “Thucydides and Deterrence.” Security Studies 16:163–188.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, YoungJei, Eck, John E., and Corsaro, Nicholas. 2016. “Conclusions from the History of Research into the Effects of Police Force Size on Crime – 1968 through 2013: A Historical Systematic Review.” Journal of Experimental Criminology 12:431–451.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lieberson, Stanley. 1985. Making It Count: The Improvement of Social Research and Theory. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Lilly, J. Robert, Cullen, Francis T., and Ball, Richard A.. 2019. Criminological Theory: Context and Consequences. 7th ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Lipsey, Mark W., and Cullen, Francis T.. 2007. “The Effectiveness of Correctional Rehabilitation: A Review of Systematic Reviews.” Annual Review of Law and Social Science 3:297–320.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lochner, Lance. 2007. “Individual Perceptions of the Criminal Justice System.” American Economic Review 97:444–460.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loeffler, Charles E., and Nagin, Daniel S. 2022. “The Impact of Incarceration on Recidivism.” Annual Review of Criminology 5:133–152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loftin, Colin, and Parker, Robert Nash. 1985. “An Errors-in-Variable Model of the Effect of Poverty on Urban Homicide Rates.” Criminology 23:269–285.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Logie, Robert. 2018. “Human Cognition: Common Principles and Individual Variation.” Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition 7:471–486.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loughran, Thomas A., Brame, Robert, Fagan, Jeffrey, Piquero, Alex R., Mulvey, Edward P., and Schubert, Carol A.. 2015. Studying Deterrence among High-Risk Adolescents. Washington, DC: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.Google Scholar
Loughran, Thomas A., Mulvey, Edward P., Schubert, Carol A., Fagan, Jeffrey, Piquero, Alex R., and Losoya, Sandra H.. 2009. “Estimating a Dose–Response Relationship between Length of Stay and Future Recidivism in Serious Juvenile Offenders.” Criminology 47:699–740.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Loughran, Thomas A., Paternoster, Ray, Chalfin, Aaron, and Wilson, Theodore. 2016. “Can Rational Choice Be Considered a General Theory of Crime? Evidence from Individual-Level Panel Data.” Criminology 54:86–112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loughran, Thomas A., Paternoster, Ray, Piquero, Alex R., and Fagan, Jeffrey A.. 2013. “‘A Good Man Always Knows His Limitations’: Overconfidence in Criminal Offending.’” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 50:327–358.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loughran, Thomas A., Paternoster, Ray, and Weiss, Douglas B.. 2016. “Deterrence.” Pp. 50–74 in The Handbook of Criminological Theory, edited by Piquero, Alex R.. Malden, MA: John Wiley and Sons.Google Scholar
Loughran, Thomas A., Piquero, Alex R., Fagan, Jeffrey, and Mulvey, Edward P.. 2012. “Differential Deterrence: Studying Heterogeneity and Changes in Perceptual Deterrence among Serious Youthful Offenders.” Crime and Delinquency 58:3–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loughran, Thomas A., Pogarsky, Greg, Piquero, Alex R., and Paternoster, Raymond. 2012. “Re-Examining the Functional Form of the Certainty Effect in Deterrence Theory.” Justice Quarterly 29:712–741.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lum, Cynthia, and Koper, Christopher S.. 2017. Evidence-Based Policing: Translating Research into Practice. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lynch, James P., and Addington, Lynn A., eds. 2006. Understanding Crime Statistics: Revisiting the Divergence of the NCVS and UCR. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maimon, David, Alper, Mariel, Sobesto, Bertrand, and Cukier, Michel. 2013. “Restrictive Deterrent Effects of a Warning Banner in an Attacked Computer System.” Criminology 52:33–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mallion, Jaimee, and Wood, Jane. 2020. “Street Gang Intervention: Review and Good Lives Extension.” Social Sciences 9:1–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mancini, Christina. 2021. Sex Crime, Offenders, and Society. 2nd ed. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press.Google Scholar
Marmoy, Charles F. A. 1958. “The ‘Auto-Icon’ of Jeremy Bentham at University College London.” Medical History 2:77–86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maruna, Shadd. 2001. Making Good: How Ex-Convicts Reform and Rebuild Their Lives. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matsueda, Ross L., Kreager, Derek A., and Huizinga, David. 2006. “Deterring Delinquents: A Rational Choice Model of Theft and Violence.” American Sociological Review 71:95–122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matsueda, Ross L., O’Neill, Kate K., and Kreager, Derek A.. 2020. “Embeddedness, Reflected Appraisals and Deterrence: A Symbolic Interactionist Theory of Adolescent Theft.” Pp. 239–271 in Deepening Foundations, Building Bridges, edited by Serpe, Richard T., Stryker, Robin, and Powell, Brian. New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Matthews, Shelley K., and Agnew, Robert. 2008. “Extending Deterrence Theory: Do Delinquent Peers Condition the Relationship between Perceptions of Getting Caught and Offending?” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 45:91–118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mauer, Marc. 2004. “Thinking about Prison and Its Impact in the Twenty-First Century.” Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law 2:607–618.Google Scholar
Maxson, Cheryl L., Matsuda, Kristy N., and Hennigan, Karen. 2011. “‘Deterrability’ among Gang and Nongang Juvenile Offenders: Are Gang Members More (or Less) Deterrable than Other Juvenile Offenders?” Crime and Delinquency 57:516–543.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
May, David C., and Wood, Peter B.. 2010. Ranking Correctional Punishments: Views from Offenders, Practitioners, and the Public. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press.Google Scholar
May, David C., Wood, Peter B., Mooney, Jennifer L., and Minor, Kevin I.. 2005. “Predicting Offender-Generated Exchange Rates: Implications for a Theory of Sentence Severity.” Crime and Delinquency 51:373–399.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCarthy, Bill. 2002. “New Economics of Sociological Criminology.” Annual Review of Sociology 28:417–442.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCarthy, Bill, and Hagan, John. 2005. “Danger and the Decision to Offend.” Social Forces 83:1065–1096.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McMullin, B. A., Moss, J. E., Muller, F., Price, J. W., Robinson, R. D., Seyse, D. L., Thompson, D. A., Van Keuren, M. J., Wagner, R. F., and Zoellick, D. L.. 1983. Arson to Conceal Other Crimes. Rockville, MD: National Criminal Justice Reference Service.Google Scholar
Meade, Benjamin, Steiner, Benjamin, Makarios, Matthew, and Travis, Lawrence. 2013. “Estimating a Dose–Response Relationship between Time Served in Prison and Recidivism.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 50:525–550.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mears, Daniel P. 2022. “Escaping the Sisyphean Trap: Systemic Criminal Justice System Reform.” American Journal of Criminal Justice 47:1030–1049.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mears, Daniel P. 2017. Out-of-Control Criminal Justice: The Systems Improvement Solution for More Safety, Justice, Accountability, and Efficiency. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mears, Daniel P. 2016. “Critical Research Gaps in Understanding the Effects of Prolonged Time in Restrictive Housing on Inmates and the Institutional Environment.” Pp. 233–295 in Restrictive Housing in the U.S.: Issues, Challenges, and Future Directions, edited by Garcia, Marie. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.Google Scholar
Mears, Daniel P. 2010. American Criminal Justice Policy: An Evaluation Approach to Increasing Accountability and Effectiveness. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mears, Daniel P. 1998. “The Sociology of Sentencing: Reconceptualizing Decisionmaking Processes and Outcomes.” Law and Society Review 32:667–724.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mears, Daniel P., and Bales, William D.. 2009. “Supermax Incarceration and Recidivism.” Criminology 47:801–836.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mears, Daniel P., and Barnes, James C.. 2010. “Toward a Systematic Foundation for Identifying Evidence-Based Criminal Justice Sanctions and Their Relative Effectiveness.” Journal of Criminal Justice 38:702–710.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mears, Daniel P., and Cochran, Joshua C.. 2019. Fundamentals of Criminological and Criminal Justice Inquiry: The Science and Art of Conducting, Evaluating, and Using Research. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mears, Daniel P., and Cochran, Joshua C.. 2018. “Progressively Tougher Sanctioning and Recidivism: Assessing the Effects of Different Types of Sanctions.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 55:194–241.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mears, Daniel P., and Cochran, Joshua C.. 2015. Prisoner Reentry in the Era of Mass Incarceration. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mears, Daniel P., and Lindsey, Andrea M.. 2016. “Speeding in America: A Critique of, and Alternatives to, Officer-Initiated Enforcement.” Criminal Justice Review 41:55–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mears, Daniel P., and Stafford, Mark C.. 2024a. “A Reconceptualization of Social Bond Theory to Predict Change Sequences in Offending.” Crime and Delinquency 70:64–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mears, Daniel P., and Stafford, Mark C.. 2024b. “A Theoretical Critique of Deterrence-Based Policy.” Journal of Criminal Justice 95(102305):1–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mears, Daniel P., and Stafford, Mark C.. 2023. “‘Successful’ Offending: The Salience of Performance Criteria for Understanding and Addressing Crime.” Deviant Behavior 44:1044–1062.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mears, Daniel P., and Stafford, Mark C.. 2002. “Central Analytical Issues in the Generation of Cumulative Sociological Knowledge.” Sociological Focus 35:5–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mears, Daniel P., and Travis, Jeremy. 2004. “Youth Development and Reentry.” Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice 2:1–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mears, Daniel P., and Turanovic, Jillian J.. 2018. “A Theory of Offender Recidivism.” Pp. 197–212 in Criminology and Public Policy, 3rd ed., edited by Decker, Scott H. and Wright, Kevin A.. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
Mears, Daniel P., and Watson, Jamie. 2006. “Towards a Fair and Balanced Assessment of Supermax Prisons.” Justice Quarterly 23:232–270.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mears, Daniel P., Cochran, Joshua C., and Bales, William D.. 2012. “Gender Differences in the Effects of Prison on Recidivism.” Journal of Criminal Justice 40:370–378.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mears, Daniel P., Cochran, Joshua C., Bales, William D., and Bhati, Avinash S.. 2016. “Recidivism and Time Served in Prison.” Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 106:83–124.Google Scholar
Mears, Daniel P., Cochran, Joshua C., and Beaver, Kevin M.. 2013. “Self-Control Theory and Nonlinear Effects on Offending.” Journal of Quantitative Criminology 29:447–476.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mears, Daniel P., Cochran, Joshua C., and Cullen, Francis T.. 2015. “Incarceration Heterogeneity and Its Implications for Assessing the Effectiveness of Imprisonment on Recidivism.” Criminal Justice Policy Review 26:691–712.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mears, Daniel P., Cochran, Joshua C., Greenman, Sarah J., Bhati, Avinash S., and Greenwald, Mark A.. 2011. “Evidence on the Effectiveness of Juvenile Court Sanctions.” Journal of Criminal Justice 39:509–520.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mears, Daniel P., Cochran, Joshua C., Siennick, Sonja E., and Bales, William D.. 2012. “Prison Visitation and Recidivism.” Justice Quarterly 29:888–918.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mears, Daniel P., Kuch, Joshua J., Lindsey, Andrea M., Siennick, Sonja E., Pesta, George B., Greenwald, Mark A., and Blomberg, Thomas G.. 2016. “Juvenile Court and Contemporary Diversion: Helpful, Harmful, or Both?” Criminology and Public Policy 15:953–981.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mears, Daniel P., Tomlinson, Tiffaney A., and Turanovic, Jillian J.. 2022. “The Goldilocks Rule – Too Little, Too Much, and ‘Just Right’: Curvilinear and Interactive Effects of Sleep Duration on Delinquency.” Justice Quarterly 39:276–303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meier, Robert F., and Johnson, Weldon T.. 1977. “Deterrence as Social Control: The Legal and Extralegal Production of Conformity.” American Sociological Review 42:292–304.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mendes, Silvia M. 2004. “Certainty, Severity, and Their Relative Effects: Questioning the Implications of the Role of Risk in Criminal Deterrence Policy.” Policy Studies Journal 32:59–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mendes, Silvia M., and McDonald, Michael D.. 2001. “Putting Severity of Punishment Back in the Deterrence Package.” Policy Studies Journal 29:588–610.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Merton, Robert K. 1995. “The Thomas Theorem and the Matthew Effect.” Social Forces 74:379–424.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Merton, Robert K. 1973. The Sociology of Science: Theoretical and Empirical Investigations. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Miethe, Terance D., and Drass, Kriss A.. 1999. “Exploring the Social Context of Instrumental and Expressive Homicides: An Application of Qualitative Comparative Analysis.” Journal of Quantitative Criminology 15:1–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miethe, Terance D., and Lu, Hong. 2005. Punishment: A Comparative Historical Perspective. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mize, Trenton D. 2019. “Best Practices for Estimating, Interpreting, and Presenting Nonlinear Interaction Effects.” Sociological Science 6:81–117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morris, Norval, and Rothman, David J., eds. 1998. The Oxford History of the Prison: The Practice of Punishment in Western Society. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Mossburg, Cheri, Babineau, Andi, and Hayes, Christal. 2023. “‘I’m Just Tired of Covering it Up’: Guilt Drives Man to Confess to Murder 15 Years after Killing, Police Say.” CNN, June 2. Available at www.cnn.com/2023/06/02/us/new-mexico-murder-cold-case-confession/index.html.Google Scholar
Nadel, Melissa R., and Mears, Daniel P.. 2020. “Building with No End in Sight: The Theory and Effects of Prison Architecture.” Corrections: Policy, Practice, and Research 5:188–205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nagin, Daniel S. 2019. “Preface.” Pp. ix–x in Deterrence, Choice, and Crime: Contemporary Perspectives, edited by Nagin, Daniel S., Cullen, Francis T., and Jonson, Cheryl Lero. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Nagin, Daniel S. 2016. “‘What We’ve Got Here Is Failure to Communicate.’” Criminology and Public Policy 15:753–765.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nagin, Daniel S. 2013a. “Deterrence: A Review of the Evidence by a Criminologist for Economists.” Annual Review of Economics 5:83–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nagin, Daniel S. 2013b. “Deterrence in the Twenty-First Century.” Crime and Justice 42:199–263.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nagin, Daniel S. 1998. “Criminal Deterrence Research at the Outset of the Twenty-First Century.” Crime and Justice 23:1–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nagin, Daniel S., and Paternoster, Raymond. 1993. “Enduring Individual Differences and Rational Choice Theories of Crime.” Law and Society Review 27:467–496.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nagin, Daniel S., and Pepper, John V., eds. 2012. Deterrence and the Death Penalty. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.Google Scholar
Nagin, Daniel S., and Pogarsky, Greg. 2001. “Integrating Celerity, Impulsivity, and Extralegal Sanction Threats into a Model of General Deterrence: Theory and Evidence.” Criminology 39:865–891.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nagin, Daniel S., Cullen, Francis T., and Jonson, Cheryl Lero. 2009. “Imprisonment and Reoffending.” Crime and Justice 38:115–200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nagin, Daniel S., Cullen, Francis T., and Jonson, Cheryl Lero. eds. 2018. Deterrence, Choice, and Crime. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Nietzsche, Friedrich. 1967 [1887]. The Genealogy of Morals. Translated by Walter Kaufmann. New York: Vintage Books.Google Scholar
Nieuwbeerta, Paul, Nagin, Daniel S., and Blokland, Arjan A. J.. 2009. “Assessing the Impact of First-Time Imprisonment on Offenders’ Subsequent Criminal Career Development: A Matched Samples Comparison.” Journal of Quantitative Criminology 25:227–257.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nix, Justin, Huff, Jessica, Wolfe, Scott E., Pyrooz, David C., and Mourtgos, Scott M.. 2024. “When Police Pull Back: Neighborhood-Level Effects of De-Policing on Violent and Property Crime, a Research Note.” Criminology 62:156–171.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ochenasek, Michelle, Truelove, Verity, Stefanidis, Kayla B., and Watson-Brown, Natalie. 2022. “Examining the Impact of Both Legal and Nonlegal Factors on Following a Vehicle Too Closely Utilizing Three Deterrence-Based Theories.” Journal of Criminology 55:65–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Orsagh, Thomas, and Chen, Jong-Rong. 1988. “The Effect of Time Served on Recidivism: An Interdisciplinary Theory.” Journal of Quantitative Criminology 4:155–171.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pager, Devah. 2007. Marked: Race, Crime, and Finding Work in an Era of Mass Incarceration. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pager, Devah, Goldstein, Rebecca, Ho, Helen, and Western, Bruce. 2022. “Criminalizing Poverty: The Consequences of Court Fees in a Randomized Experiment.” American Sociological Review 87:529–553.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paolucci, Henry. 1963. “Introduction.” Pp. ix–xxiii in On Crimes and Punishments, by Beccaria, Cesare. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
Parisi, Francesco, Pi, Daniel, Luppi, Barbara, and Fargnoli, Iole. 2020. “Deterrence of Wrongdoing in Ancient Law.” Pp. 347–378 in Roman Law and Economics: Exchange, Ownership, and Disputes, vol. II, edited by Dari-Mattiacci, Giuseppe and Kehoe, Dennis P.. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parker, Robert N. 1995. “Bringing Booze Back In: The Relationship between Alcohol and Homicide.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 32:3–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paternoster, Raymond. 2018. “Perceptual Deterrence Theory.” Pp. 81–106 in Deterrence, Choice, and Crime, edited by Nagin, Daniel S., Cullen, Francis T., and Lero Jonson, Cheryl. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Paternoster, Raymond. 2010. “How Much Do We Really Know about Criminal Deterrence?” Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 100:765–824.Google Scholar
Paternoster, Raymond. 1987. “The Deterrent Effect of the Perceived Certainty and Severity of Punishment: A Review of the Evidence and Issues.” Justice Quarterly 4:173–217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paternoster, Raymond, and Simpson, Sally. 1996. “Sanction Threats and Appeals to Morality: Testing a Rational Choice Model of Corporate Crime.” Law and Society Review 30:549–583.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pattavina, April, Long, Joshua S., Petrich, Damon M., Byrne, James M., Cullen, Francis T., and Taxman, Faye S.. 2024. “Revisiting the Effectiveness of HOPE/Swift–Certain–Fair Supervision Programs: A Meta-Analytic Review.” Criminology and Public Policy 23:45–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pauwels, Lieven, Weerman, Frank, Bruinsma, Gerben, and Bernasco, Wim. 2011. “Perceived Sanction Risk, Individual Propensity and Adolescent Offending: Assessing Key Findings from the Deterrence Literature in a Dutch Sample.” European Journal of Criminology 8:386–400.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Petersilia, Joan. 1997. “Probation in the United States.” Crime and Justice 22:149–200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Petersilia, Joan. 1991. “Policy Relevance and the Future of Criminology.” Criminology 29:1–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Petersilia, Joan, and Turner, Susan. 1993. “Intensive Probation and Parole.” Crime and Justice 17:281–335.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Petrich, Damon M., Pratt, Travis C., Jonson, Cheryl Lero, and Cullen, Francis T.. 2021. “Custodial Sanctions and Reoffending: A Meta-Analytic Review.” Crime and Justice 50:353–424.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jr.Pfuhl, Erdwin H. 1983. “Police Strikes and Conventional Crime.” Criminology 21:489–504.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phelps, Michelle S. 2013. “The Paradox of Probation: Community Supervision in the Age of Mass Incarceration.” Law and Policy 35:51–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pickett, Justin T. 2018. “Using Behavioral Economics to Advance Deterrence Research and Improve Public Policy: Some Illustrative Experiments.” Crime and Delinquency 64:1636–1659.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pickett, Justin T., and Roche, Sean P.. 2016. “Arrested Development: Misguided Directions in Deterrence Theory and Policy.” Criminology and Public Policy 15:727–751.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Piehl, Anne M., and LoBuglio, Stefan F.. 2005. “Does Supervision Matter?” Pp. 105–138 in Prisoner Reentry and Public Safety in America, edited by Travis, Jeremy and Visher, Christy. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pifferi, Michelle. 2016. Reinventing Punishment: A Comparative History of Criminology in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Piliavin, Irving, Thornton, Craig, Gartner, Rosemary, and Matsueda, Ross L.. 1986. “Crime, Deterrence, and Rational Choice.” American Sociological Review 51:101–119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Piquero, Alex R., and Pogarsky, Greg. 2002. “Beyond Stafford and Warr’s Reconceptualization of Deterrence: Personal and Vicarious Experiences, Impulsivity, and Offending Behavior.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 39:153–186.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Piquero, Alex R., and Rengert, George L.. 1999. “Studying Deterrence with Active Residential Burglars.” Justice Quarterly 16:451–471.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Piquero, Alex R., Bouffard, Jeffrey A., Piquero, Nicole Leeper, and Craig, Jessica M.. 2016. “Does Morality Condition the Deterrent Effect of Perceived Certainty among Incarcerated Felons?” Crime and Delinquency 62:3–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Piquero, Alex R., Paternoster, Raymond, Pogarsky, Greg, and Loughran, Thomas A.. 2011. “Elaborating the Individual Difference Component in Deterrence Theory.” Annual Review of Law and Social Science 7:335–360.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Piquero, Nicole L. 2012. “The Only Thing We Have to Fear Is Fear Itself: Investigating the Relationship between Fear of Falling and White-Collar Crime.” Crime and Delinquency 58:362–379.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Piza, Eric L., and Chillar, Vijay F.. 2021. “The Effect of Police Layoffs on Crime: A Natural Experiment Involving New Jersey’s Two Largest Cities.” Justice Evaluation Journal 4:176–196.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Plato, . 1956 [380 BC]. Protagoras. Translated by Benjamin Jowett, revised by Martin Ostwald. New York: Bobbs-Merrill.Google Scholar
Pogarsky, Greg. 2002. “Identifying ‘Deterrable’ Offenders: Implications for Research on Deterrence.” Justice Quarterly 19:431–450.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pogarsky, Greg, and Loughran, Thomas A.. 2016. “The Policy-to-Perceptions Link in Deterrence: Time to Retire the Clearance Rate.” Criminology and Public Policy 15:777-790.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pogarsky, Greg, Kim, KiDeuk, and Paternoster, Ray. 2005. “Perceptual Change in the National Youth Survey: Lessons for Deterrence Theory and Offender Decision-Making.” Justice Quarterly 22:1–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pogarsky, Greg, Piquero, Alex R., and Paternoster, Ray. 2004. “Modeling Change in Perceptions about Sanction Threats: The Neglected Linkage in Deterrence Theory.” Journal of Quantitative Criminology 20:343–369.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pogarsky, Greg, Roche, Sean P., and Pickett, Justin T.. 2018. “Offender Decision-Making in Criminology: Contributions from Behavioral Economics.” Annual Review of Criminology 1:379–400.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pratt, Travis C., and Turanovic, Jillian J.. 2018. “Celerity and Deterrence.” Pp. 187–210 in Deterrence, Choice, and Crime. New York: Transaction.Google Scholar
Pratt, Travis C., Cullen, Francis T., Blevins, Kristie R., Daigle, Leah E., and Madensen, Tamara D.. 2006. “The Empirical Status of Deterrence Theory: A Meta-Analysis.” Pp. 367–395 in Taking Stock: The Status of Criminological Theory, edited by Cullen, Francis T., Wright, John Paul, and Blevins, Kristie R.. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.Google Scholar
Preyer, Kathryn. 1982. “Penal Measures in the American Colonies: An Overview.” American Journal of Legal History 26:326–353.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pyrooz, David C., and Decker, Scott H.. 2019. Competing for Control: Gangs and the Social Order of Prisons. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raaijmakers, Ellen A. C., Loughran, Thomas A., de Keijser, Jan W., Nieuwbeerta, Paul, and Dirkzwager, Anja J. E.. 2017. “Exploring the Relationship between Subjectively Experienced Severity of Imprisonment and Recidivism: A Neglected Element in Testing Deterrence Theory.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 54:3–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raihini, Nicholas J., and Power, Eleanor A.. 2021. “No Good Deed Goes Unpunished: The Social Costs of Prosocial Behaviour.” Evolutionary Human Sciences 3:1–21.Google Scholar
Raphael, Steven, and Ludwig, Jens. 2003. “Prison Sentence Enhancements: The Case of Project Exile.” Pp. 251–277 in Evaluating Gun Policy: Effects on Crime and Violence, edited by Ludwig, Jens and Cook, Philip J.. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.Google Scholar
Raskolnikov, Alex. 2020. “Criminal Deterrence: A Review of the Missing Literature.” Supreme Court Economic Review 28:1–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reed, Bruce C. 2019. The History and Science of the Manhattan Project. New York: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Richards, Pamela, Berk, Richard A., and Forster, Brenda. 1979. Crime as Play: Delinquency in a Middle-Class Suburb. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.Google Scholar
Ritchey, Mark, and Nicholson-Crotty, Sean. 2011. “Deterrence Theory and the Implementation of Speed Limits in the American States.” Policy Studies Journal 39:329–346.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robinson, Paul H., and Darley, John M.. 2003. “The Role of Deterrence in the Formulation of Criminal Law Rules: At Its Worst When Doing Its Best.” Georgetown Law Journal 91:949–1002.Google Scholar
Rocque, Michael. 2021. But What Does It Mean? Defining, Measuring, and Analyzing Desistance from Crime in Criminal Justice. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.Google Scholar
Rodriguez, Nancy. 2018. “Expanding the Evidence Base in Criminology and Criminal Justice: Barriers and Opportunities to Bridging Research and Practice.” Justice Evaluation Journal 1:1–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rodriguez, Nancy, and Usman, Hina. 2023. “An Examination of Prison-Based Programming and Recommitment to Prison.” Justice Evaluation Journal 6:219–244.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rorie, Melissa L., ed. 2019. The Handbook of White-Collar Crime. New York: Wiley.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ross, H. Laurence. 1984. “Social Control through Deterrence: Drinking-and-Driving Laws.” Annual Review of Sociology 10:21–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rossi, Peter H. 1980. “The Presidential Address: The Challenge and Opportunities of Applied Social Research.” American Sociological Review 45:889–904.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rossi, Peter H., Lipsey, Mark W., and Freeman, Howard E.. 2004. Evaluation: A Systematic Approach. 7th ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Roth, Michael P. 2014. An Eye for an Eye: A Global History of Crime and Punishment. London: Reaktion Books.Google Scholar
Rustigan, Michael A. 1980. “A Reinterpretation of Criminal Law Reform in Nineteenth Century England.” Journal of Criminal Justice 8:205–219.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ryan, Richard M., ed. 2019. The Oxford Handbook of Human Motivation. 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saltzman, Linda E., Paternoster, Raymond, Waldo, Gordon P., and Chiricos, Theodore G.. 1982. “Deterrent and Experiential Effects: The Problem of Causal Order in Perceptual Deterrence Research.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 19:172–189.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sampson, Robert J., and Laub, John H.. 1993. Crime in the Making: Pathways and Turning Points through Life. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schell-Busey, Natalie, Simpson, Sally S., Rorie, Melissa, and Alper, Mariel. 2016. “What Works? A Systematic Review of Corporate Crime Deterrence.” Criminology and Public Policy 15:387–416.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schnittker, Jason, and Bacak, Valerio. 2013. “A Mark of Disgrace or a Badge of Honor? Subjective Status among Former Inmates.” Social Problems 60:234–254.Google Scholar
Schofield, Philip. 2019. “‘The First Steps Rightly Directed in the Track of Legislation’: Jeremy Bentham on Cesare Beccaria’s Essay on Crimes and Punishments.” Diciottesimo Secolo 4:65–74.Google Scholar
Schuessler, Karl F. 1952. “The Deterrent Influence of the Death Penalty.” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 284:54–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwartz, Gary. 1987. Beyond Conformity or Rebellion: Youth and Authority in America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Shalev, Sharon. 2009. Supermax: Controlling Risk through Solitary Confinement. Cullompton, UK: Willan.Google Scholar
Shapiro, Susan P. 1985. “The Road Not Taken: The Elusive Path to Criminal Prosecution for White-Collar Offenders.” Law and Society Review 19:179–217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shavell, Steven. 2012. “When Is Compliance with the Law Socially Desirable?” Journal of Legal Studies 41:1–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shaw, Clifford R., and McKay, Henry D.. 1942. Juvenile Delinquency in Urban Areas. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Sherman, Lawrence W. 1993. “Defiance, Deterrence, and Irrelevance: A Theory of the Criminal Sanction.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 30:445–473.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sherman, Lawrence W. 1990. “Police Crackdowns: Initial and Residual Deterrence.” Crime and Justice 12:1–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sherman, Lawrence W., and Smith, Douglas A.. 1992. “Crime, Punishment, and Stake in Conformity: Legal and Informal Control of Domestic Violence.” American Sociological Review 57:680–690.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sherry, Michael S. 2020. The Punitive Turn in American Life. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shirley, Kenneth E., and Gelman, Andrew. 2015. “Hierarchical Models for Estimating State and Demographic Trends in US Death Penalty Public Opinion.” Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A: Statistics in Society 178:1–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shukla, Rochisha, Khalid, Ammar, and Jackson, Arielle. 2023. Transitional Housing Support for People on Probation in Pima County, Arizona. Washington, DC: The Urban Institute.Google Scholar
Simpson, Rylan, Frewing, Quentin, and Tiwana, Sukhdip. 2023. “A Field Test of Vehicle Presence on Speed(ing): Parked, Unoccupied, and Effective.” Crime and Delinquency. Available at https://doi.org/10.1177/00111287231207368.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sitren, Alicia H., and Applegate, Brandon K.. 2012. “Testing Deterrence Theory with Offenders: The Empirical Validity of Stafford and Warr’s Model.” Deviant Behavior 32:492–506.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skogan, Wesley G. 1977. “Dimensions of the Dark Figure of Unreported Crime.” Crime and Delinquency 23:41–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sloan-Howitt, Maryalice, and Kelling, George L.. 1990. “Subway Graffiti in New York City: ‘Getting Up’ vs. ‘Meaning It and Cleaning It.’” Security Journal 1:131–136.Google Scholar
Smith, Peter K., and Hart, Craig H., eds. 2022. The Wiley-Blackwell Handbook of Childhood Social Development. 3rd ed. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Snodgrass, G. Matthew, Blokland, Arjan J., Haviland, Amelia, Nieuwbeerta, Paul, and Nagin, Daniel S.. 2011. “Does the Time Cause the Crime? An Examination of the Relationship between Time Served and Reoffending in the Netherlands.” Criminology 49:1149–1194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spelman, William. 2008. “Specifying the Relationship between Crime and Prisons.” Journal of Quantitative Criminology 24:149–178.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spelman, William. 2006. “The Limited Importance of Prison Expansion.” Pp. 97–129 in The Crime Drop in America, edited by Blumstein, Alfred and Wallman, Joel. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Spelman, William. 1995. “The Severity of Intermediate Sanctions.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 32:107–135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spivey, Emily D. 2023. “‘That Doesn’t Define Who I Am’: Strategies of Resistance to Stigmatization among a Sample of U.S. Individuals Convicted of a Sexual Offense.” Sexual Abuse. Available at https://doi.org/10.1177/10790632231200835.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stack, Steven. 2004. “Public Opinion on the Death Penalty.” International Criminal Justice Review 14:69–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stafford, Mark C. 2018. “Deterrence and Imprisonment.” Pp. 4–14 in Routledge Handbook of Corrections in the United States, edited by Griffin, O. Hayden III and Woodward, Vanessa H.. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Stafford, Mark C., and Gibbs, Jack P. 1993. “A Theory about Disputes and the Efficacy of Control.” Pp. 69–96 in Aggression and Violence: Social Interactionist Perspectives, edited by Felson, Richard B. and Tedeschi, James T.. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stafford, Mark C., and Mears, Daniel P.. 2015. “Causation, Theory, and Policy in the Social Sciences.” Pp. 1–14 in Emerging Trends in the Behavioral and Social Sciences: An Interdisciplinary, Searchable, and Linkable Resource, edited by Scott, Robert A. and Kosslyn, Stephen M.. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.Google Scholar
Stafford, Mark C., and Warr, Mark. 1993. “A Reconceptualization of General and Specific Deterrence.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 30:123–135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stafford, Mark C., Gray, Louis N., Menke, Ben A., and Ward, David A.. 1986. “Modeling the Deterrent Effects of Punishment.” Social Psychology Quarterly 49:338–347.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steiker, Carol S., and Steiker, Jordan M.. 2020. “The Rise, Fall, and Afterlife of the Death Penalty in the United States.” Annual Review of Criminology 3:299–315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steiner, Benjamin, Daniel Butler, H., and Ellison, Jared M.. 2014. “Causes and Correlates of Prison Inmate Misconduct: A Systematic Review of the Evidence.” Journal of Criminal Justice 42:462–470.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strub, Harry. 1989. “The Theory of Panoptical Control: Bentham’s Panopticon and Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four.” Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 25:40–59.3.0.CO;2-W>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sutherland, Edwin Hardin, and Cressey, Donald Ray. 1974. Criminology. 9th ed. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott.Google Scholar
Svensson, Robert. 2015. “An Examination of the Interaction between Morality and Deterrence: A Research Note.” Crime and Delinquency 61:3–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sweeten, Gary, Piquero, Alex R., and Steinberg, Laurence. 2013. “Age and the Explanation of Crime, Revisited.” Journal of Youth and Adolescence 42:921–938.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sykes, Gresham M. 1958. The Society of Captives. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Taxman, Faye S. 2012. “Probation, Intermediate Sanctions, and Community-Based Corrections.” Pp. 363–388 in The Oxford Handbook of Sentencing and Corrections, edited by Petersilia, Joan and Reitz, Kevin R.. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Thomas, Kyle J., Loughran, Thomas A., and Piquero, Alex R.. 2013. “Do Individual Characteristics Explain Variation in Sanction Risk Updating among Serious Juvenile Offenders? Advancing the Logic of Differential Deterrence.” Law and Human Behavior 37:10–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thomas, W. I., and Thomas, Dorothy S.. 1928. The Child in America: Behavior Problems and Programs. New York: Knopf.Google Scholar
Thucydides, . 1910 [431 BC]. History of the Peloponnesian War. Translated by Richard Crawley. New York: E. P. Dutton.Google Scholar
Tinney, Erin. 2023. “The ‘Stickiness’ of Stigma: Guilt by Association after a Friend’s Arrest.” Criminology 61:354–383.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tittle, Charles R. 1980. Sanctions and Social Deviance: The Question of Deterrence. Westport, CT: Praeger.Google Scholar
Tittle, Charles R. 1969. “Crime Rates and Legal Sanctions.” Social Problems 16:409–423.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tittle, Charles R., and Botchkovar, Ekaterina V.. 2005. “Self-Control, Criminal Motivation and Deterrence: An Investigation Using Russian Respondents.” Criminology 43:307–354.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tittle, Charles R., and Rowe, Allan R.. 1974. “Certainty of Arrest and Crime Rates: A Further Test of the Deterrence Hypothesis.” Social Forces 52:455–462.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tittle, Charles R., Botchkovar, Ekaterina V., and Antonaccio, Olena. 2011. “Criminal Contemplation, National Context, and Deterrence.” Journal of Quantitative Criminology 27:225–249.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Toby, Jackson. 1964. “Is Punishment Necessary?” Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 55:332–337.Google Scholar
Tonry, Michael H., ed. 2016. Sentencing Policies and Practices in Western Countries: Comparative and Cross-National Perspectives. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Tonry, Michael H. 2008. “Learning from the Limitations of Deterrence Research.” Crime and Justice 37:279–311.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tonry, Michael H. 1997. Intermediate Sanctions in Sentencing Guidelines. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.Google Scholar
Trang, Simon, and Brendel, Benedikt. 2019. “A Meta-Analysis of Deterrence Theory in Information Security Policy Compliance Research.” Information Systems Frontiers 21:1265–1284.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Travis, Jeremy. 2005. But They All Come Back: Facing the Challenges of Prisoner Reentry. Washington, DC: The Urban Institute Press.Google Scholar
Trulson, Chad R., DeLisi, Matt, and Marquart, James W.. 2011. “Institutional Misconduct, Delinquent Background, and Rearrest Frequency among Serious and Violent Delinquent Offenders.” Crime and Delinquency 57:709–731.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tversky, Amos, and Kahneman, Daniel. 1981. “The Framing of Decisions and the Psychology of Choice.” Science 211:453–458.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tyler, Tom R., and Meares, Tracey. 2020. “Revisiting Broken Windows: The Role of the Community and the Police in Promoting Community Engagement.” New York University Annual Survey of American Law 76:637–656.Google Scholar
Tyler, Tom R., and Trinkner, Rick. 2018. Why Children Follow Rules: Legal Socialization and the Development of Legitimacy. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Uggen, Christopher, and Kruttschnitt, Candace. 1998. “Crime in the Breaking: Gender Differences in Desistance.” Law and Society Review 32:339–366.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vandiver, Donna, Braithwaite, Jeremy, and Stafford, Mark. 2017. Sex Crimes and Sex Offenders: Research and Realities. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Van Gelder, Jean-Louis, de Vries, Reinout E., Demetriou, Andrew, van Sintemaartensdijk, Iris, and Donker, Tara. 2019. “The Virtual Reality Scenario Method: Imagination to Immersion in Criminal Decision-Making Research.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 56:451–480.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Graafeiland, Ellsworth A. 1986. “Some Thoughts on the Sentencing Reform Act of 1984.” Villanova Law Review 31:1291–1297.Google Scholar
Van Sintemaartensdijk, Iris, van Gelder, Jean-Louis, van Prooijen, Jan-Willem, Claire Nee, Marco Otte, and van Lange, Paul. 2024. “Assessing the Deterrent Effect of Symbolic Guardianship through Neighbourhood Watch Signs and Police Signs: A Virtual Reality Study.” Psychology, Crime, and Law 30:1–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Slyke, Shanna R., Benson, Michael L., and Cullen, Francis T., eds. 2016. The Oxford Handbook of White-Collar Crime. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Viscusi, W. Kip. 1986. “The Risks and Rewards of Criminal Activity: A Comprehensive Test of Criminal Deterrence.” Journal of Labor Economics 4:317–340.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Visher, Christy A., and Travis, Jeremy. 2003. “Transitions from Prison to Community: Understanding the Individual Pathways.” Annual Review of Sociology 29:89–113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vold, George B. 1952. “Extent and Trend of Capital Crimes in the United States.” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 284:1–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waldo, Gordon P., and Chiricos, Theodore G.. 1972. “Perceived Penal Sanction and Self-Reported Criminality: A Neglected Approach to Deterrence Research.” Social Problems 19:522–540.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, Xia, and Mears, Daniel P.. 2010. “Examining the Direct and Interactive Effects of Changes in Racial and Ethnic Threat on Sentencing Decisions.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 47:522–557.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ward, David A., Stafford, Mark C., and Gray, Louis N.. 2006. “Rational Choice, Deterrence, and Theoretical Integration.” Journal of Applied Social Psychology 36:571–585.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ward, David A., Stafford, Mark C., and Gray, Louis N.. 2001. “Choice Models of Deterrence: Another Look.” Journal of Applied Social Psychology 31:2292–2300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ward, David A., Stafford, Mark C., Gray, Louis N., and Menke, Ben A.. 1994. “Deterrence, Opportunity, and Choice.” Journal of Applied Social Psychology 24:1777–1793.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warr, Mark. 2002. Companions in Crime: The Social Aspects of Criminal Conduct. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watson, Barry, Siskind, Vic, Fleiter, Judy J., Watson, Angela, and Soole, David. 2015. “Assessing Specific Deterrence Effects of Increased Speeding Penalties Using Four Measures of Recidivism.” Accident Analysis and Prevention 84:27–37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Welsh, Brandon C., Farrington, David P., and Raffan Gowar, B.. 2015. “Benefit–Cost Analysis of Crime Prevention Programs.” Crime and Justice 44:447–516.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Welsh, Brandon C., Zane, Steven N., and Mears, Daniel P., eds. 2024. The Oxford Handbook of Evidence-Based Crime and Justice Policy. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Welsh, Brandon C., Zimmerman, Gregory M., and Zane, Steven N.. 2018. “The Centrality of Theory in Modern Day Crime Prevention: Developments, Challenges, and Opportunities.” Justice Quarterly 35:139–161.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wermink, Hilde, Ramakers, Anke, Nieuwbeerta, Paul, Keijser, Jan, and Dirkzwager, Anja. 2018. “Recidivism after a Short or Longer Period in Detention.” Crime and Delinquency 64:1057–1093.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wheeler, Stanton. 1992. “The Problem of White-Collar Motivation.” Pp. 108–123 in White-Collar Crime Reconsidered, edited by Schlegel, Kip and Weisburd, David. Boston: Northeastern University Press.Google Scholar
Wikström, Per-Olof H. 2010. “Explaining Crime as Moral Actions.” Pp. 211–239 in Handbook of the Sociology of Morality. New York: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wikström, Per-Olof H. 2008. “Deterrence and Deterrence Experiences: Preventing Crime through the Threat of Punishment.” pp. 345–378 in International Handbook of Penology and Criminal Justice, edited by Shomam, Shlomo G., Beck, Ori, and Kett, Martin. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.Google Scholar
Wikström, Per-Olof H., Tseloni, Andromachi, and Karlis, Dimitris. 2011. “Do People Comply with the Law Because They Fear Getting Caught?” European Journal of Criminology 8:401–420.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilcox, Pamela, and Cullen, Francis T.. 2018. “Community Members and Deterrence.” Pp. 339–362 in Deterrence, Choice, and Crime: Contemporary Perspectives, edited by Nagin, Daniel S., Cullen, Francis T., and Jonson, Cheryl L.. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Williams, Kirk R., and Hawkins, Richard 1986. “Perceptual Research on General Deterrence: A Critical Review.” Law and Society Review 20:545–572.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, James Q., and Herrnstein, Richard J.. 1985. Crime and Human Nature. New York: Simon and Schuster.Google Scholar
Wood, Jane L. 2014. “Understanding Gang Membership: The Significance of Group Processes.” Group Processes and Intergroup Relations 17:710–729.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yang, Bijou, and Lester, David. 2008. “The Deterrent Effect of Executions: A Meta-Analysis Thirty Years after Ehrlich.” Journal of Criminal Justice 36:453–460.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yang, Chi-Jen, and Oppenheimer, Michael. 2007. “A ‘Manhattan Project’ for Climate Change?” Climatic Change 80:199–204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yesberg, Julia A., and Bradford, Ben. 2021. “Policing and Collective Efficacy.” International Journal of Police Science and Management 23:417–430.Google Scholar
Zimring, Franklin E., and Hawkins, Gordon J.. 1973. Deterrence: The Legal Threat in Crime Control. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar