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Chapter 3 - Energy and Environment

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 September 2012

Global Energy Assessment Writing Team
By
Lisa Emberson ,
Kebin He ,
Johan Rockström ,
Markus Amann ,
Jennie Barron ,
Robert Correll ,
Sara Feresu ,
Richard Haeuber ,
Kevin Hicks  and
Francis X. Johnson
...Show all authors
Lisa Emberson
Affiliation:
Stockholm Environment Institute, University of York
Kebin He
Affiliation:
Tsinghua University
Johan Rockström
Affiliation:
Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University
Markus Amann
Affiliation:
International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis
Jennie Barron
Affiliation:
Stockholm Environment Institute, University of York
Robert Correll
Affiliation:
Global Environment Technology Foundation
Sara Feresu
Affiliation:
Institute of Environmental Studies, University of Zimbabwe
Richard Haeuber
Affiliation:
United States Environmental Protection Agency)
Kevin Hicks
Affiliation:
Stockholm Environment Institute, University of York
Francis X. Johnson
Affiliation:
Stockholm Environment Institute, Stockholm University
Anders Karlqvist
Affiliation:
Swedish Polar Research Secretariat
Zbigniew Klimont
Affiliation:
International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis
Iyngararasan Mylvakanam
Affiliation:
United Nations Environment Programme
Wei Wei Song
Affiliation:
Tsinghua University
Harry Vallack
Affiliation:
Stockholm Environment Institute, University of York
Qiang Zhang
Affiliation:
Tsinghua University
Jill Jäger
Affiliation:
Sustainable Europe Research Institute
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Summary

Executive Summary

Modern energy systems have been central to the development of human societies. They have perhaps been the single most important determinant of growth of our industrial societies and our modern economy. Unfortunately, they have also been a key driver of many of the negative environmental trends observed in the world today. For example, current energy systems are the predominant source of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, accounting for 84% of total global CO2 emissions and 64% of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions related to human activities. Past trends suggest that this percentage is likely to increase in the future if our energy needs continue to be met by fossil fuels.

The impact of GHG emissions on climate is arguably the most significant environmental impact associated with our energy systems, as the effects of such emissions are felt globally. However, these effects will not necessarily be equitable. Due to the realities of global and national economics, the areas that may suffer the greatest impacts from climate change may be those that have to date contributed the least in terms of GHG emissions. Our fossil fuel-based energy systems also emit substantial quantities of other atmospheric pollutants, for example sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), primary particulate matter (PM), and non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs), which degrade air quality and cause damage to health and ecosystems through processes such as acidifi cation, eutrophication, and the formation of ground-level ozone (O3) and secondary PM. Biomass-based energy systems can also have substantial impacts on land and water resources.

Type
Chapter
Information
Global Energy Assessment
Toward a Sustainable Future
 , pp. 191 - 254
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2012

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