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3 results

  • Chapter 36 - Primary Dystonia

  • from Section 3: - Hyperkinetic Movement Disorders
  • Edited by Erik Ch. Wolters, Universität Zürich, Christian R. Baumann, Universität Zürich
  • Book:
    International Compendium of Movement Disorders
    Published online:
    07 January 2025
    Print publication:
    06 February 2025, pp 431-444

  • Summary

    Dystonia, defined as a movement disorder characterized by sustained or intermittent muscle contractions causing abnormal, often repetitive, movements, postures, or both, results in patterned, twisted, and sometimes tremulous movements. When dystonia is the sole manifestation, it is known as primary dystonia. Primary dystonia is an uncommon disorder and includes genetic forms of dystonia as well as idiopathic dystonia. Dystonia can involve one body part, when it is called focal; more than one contiguous body part, when it is known as segmental; or involving the trunk and more than two body parts, when it is called generalized. This chapter reviews primary dystonia: the epidemiology, the current theories of pathophysiology, the clinical description, and available treatments of genetic as well as the various forms of focal dystonia, including blepharospasm, oromandibular dystonia, laryngeal dystonia, cervical dystonia, focal hand dystonia and truncal dystonia.

  • Chapter 18 - MRI in clinical trials

  • Edited by Paul Tuite, University of Minnesota, Alain Dagher
  • Book:
    Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Movement Disorders
    Published online:
    05 October 2013
    Print publication:
    10 October 2013, pp 264-270

  • Summary

    This chapter focuses on various functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), voxel-based morphometry (VBM), and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) studies in patients with (focal) dystonia, which have shown functional and structural changes within subcortical-cortical sensorimotor networks. An important role of a dysfunction of somatosensory processing has been more and more recognized over the past years and has become one of the main focuses of research in dystonia. One important issue when investigating the somatosensory system with fMRI is the standardization of sensory stimuli. Resting-state fMRI studies of patients with action-induced dystonia can further add to the understanding of the disorder. A recent resting-state MRI study investigated patients with writer's cramp (WC) and applied independent component analyses (ICA) to study functional connectivity of different functional networks at rest. Based on possible genetic predisposition these functional and structural changes could lead to the clinical presentation of dedifferentiated motor programs in dystonia.