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Index

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 March 2025

Petr Pavlínek
Petr Pavlínek
Affiliation:
University of Nebraska, Omaha and Charles University, Prague
Type
Chapter
Information
Europe's Auto Industry
Global Production Networks and Spatial Change
 , pp. 239 - 246
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2025
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BYCreative Common License - NC
This content is Open Access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence CC-BY-NC 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/cclicenses/

Index

absorptive capacity, 11, 17, 18, 22, 53
Africa, 4, 5, 13, 171
North, 68, 85, 115, 184
Asia, 5
East, 13, 21
Southeast, 6, 13, 21
Audi
Belgium, 67
Hungária, 167, 186
Austria
stable semiperiphery, 118
automation, 33, 63, 124, 183, 202
automotive industry, xvi
core-like processes, 97
decision-making power, 103
foreign ownership, 41
geographic structure, 59
innovation activities, 103
lead firms, 127
megatrends, 183
peripheral processes, 97
personnel costs, 61
production costs, 61
profit-shifting strategies, 128
semiperipheral regions, 97
spatial zones, 38
automotive industry Eastern Europe, 152–161
battery gigafactories, 174
battery industry, 176, 187–189
commercial vehicles, 154
COVID-19, 154
electric vehicles, employment effects, 183–187
electric vehicles, production, 182
engine and transmissions plants, 186
FDI stock, 152
FDI stock by country, 153
foreign ownership and control, 169, 190
geopolitical risk, 202
integrated periphery, 161–165
integrated periphery, basic features, 163–165
internal combustion engine vehicles, 171–172
labor shortages, 156–158
output, 152
output by country, 152
powertrain employment projection, 185
research and development, 158
research and development, by country, 162
research and development, electromobility, 166–170
transition to electric vehicles, 165–183, 200–201
upgrading, 158
value of production, 154
value of production, by country, 154
war in Ukraine, 154
automotive industry Europe, 59
car production trends, 69
core countries, 111–115, 198
core regions, features, 94
core–periphery structure, xvii, 94, 117, 197–198
division of labor, 158, 190
future, 201–202
geographic expansion, 68, 101
geographic structure, 94
geopolitical risk, 202
internationalization, 41, 83, 84, 195, 197
job creation and loss, 71, 72–75, 80–90
job creation by country, 82
peripheral regions, features, 94
periphery, xviii
periphery countries, 120–122, 198
personnel costs, 73, 89, 159
personnel costs and jobs created, relationship by country, 76
personnel costs and jobs lost, relationship by country, 76
regional production trends, 68
restructuring database, 70
semiperiphery, 95
semiperiphery countries, 115–120, 198
spatial division of labor, 94
spatial restructuring, 65, 197
stable core, 111, 122
stable periphery, 121
stable semiperiphery, 116, 122
transition to electric vehicles, 151
unstable core, 115, 122
unstable periphery, 121
unstable semiperiphery, 120
wages, 72
battery industry. See automotive industry Eastern Europe
Belarus, xvi, 59
Belgium, 65, 67, 69, 83, 84, 92, 102
stable semiperiphery, 117
Berlin, 170
Bolivia, 6
Bosnia and Herzegovina, 70, 72, 79
branch plants, 23, 28, 127
embeddedness, 27
linkages, 26
Brazil, 34, 85
Britain, 28, 69, 73, 80, 83, 86
Brexit, 115
new international division of labor, 25
unstable core, 115, 123
Bulgaria, 51, 63, 89
Canada, 85
CATL, 188
centralized purchasing, 47
ČEZ, 188
Chile, 6
China, 5, 6, 33, 34, 70, 89, 143, 166
strategic industrial policy, 7
closure. See factory closure
cluster analysis, 111, 116, 197
automotive industry power, by country, 112
clustering, 27, 42, 129, 157
commodity chains, 96
complementary specialization, 64, 101
core regions, 16, 68, 83, 196
economic activities, 97, 127
restructuring, 101–102
core–periphery
geographic scale, 2
regions, relations of, 99
corporate ownership and control, 127
corporate taxes, 62, 72, 73, 91, 100
Czechia, 144
cost-cutting, 76, 78, 80
Czechia, 68, 70, 73, 83, 88, 89, 90, 92, 178
automotive industry, 125, 135–136
automotive R&D, 120
battery gigafactory, 189
capital intensity of production, 145
engine parts, 184
engines and gearboxes, production of, 184
FDI stock, automotive industry, 144
high-value-added functions, by ownership and tier, 148
high-value-added functions, by supplier tier, 146
interviews, 72
investment, reasons for, 76, 77
labor shortages, 156
location choice reasons, 79
powertrain job losses projections, 187
reinvested profits, 144
relative position, 95
repatriated profits, 144
strategic nonproduction functions, 146–148
supplier tiers, 137, 138
transition to electric vehicles, 173
unstable semiperiphery, 120, 123
value capture in automotive industry, 142, 143–146, 148–150
value creation in automotive industry, 140, 148–150
wages, 145
Dacia, 166, 167, 170
decoupling, 31, 41, 51, 52
geopolitical, 202
Delphi, 51
Denmark
unstable semiperiphery, 120
dependency perspective, 96
foreign direct investment, 10, 13, 14, 193
Detroit, 92
disinvestment, xvi, 31, 33, 64
division of labor, 64
domestic firms, 5, 6, 10, 13, 80
ability to globalize, 31
capabilities, 28, 42
core regions, 20
corporate strategies in Britain, 26
job creation and job losses, 83–85
linkages with foreign subsidiaries. See linkages
spillovers. See spillovers
supply networks, exclusion from, 28
upgrading, 32, 43
downgrading, 97
East Germany, 68
eclectic theory of international involvement, 8
economic geographers, 7, 28, 126
Marxist, 26
economic geography, xvii, 32, 97, 201
approaches to automotive industry, 98
approaches to FDI, 23
evolutionary, 151
foreign direct investment, 18
new empiricism, 26
new regionalism, 27
political economy approaches, 25
economics, 18, 32, 97
evolutionary, 12, 193
heterodox, 193
institutional, 12, 193
international, 2
mainstream, 8, 14
neoclassical, 8
neoliberal, 8
economists, 7
heterodox, 13, 14
Ecuador, 6
electric vehicles. See also automotive industry Eastern Europe
mixed production, 170, 190
speed of transition in Eastern Europe, 170
transition to, xviii, 165
uneven employment effects, 183–187
electronics industry, 127
linkages, 28
ElevenEs, 187
embeddedness, 27, 28, 68, 131
approach, 24, 28
FDI, 27
energy
cost, 178
crisis, 178, 191
Estonia
stable periphery, 121
Europe
Central, xvi
Eastern, xvi, xviii, 34, 37, 39, 65, 68, 72, 76, 83, 84, 85, 90, 101
Southeastern, xvi, 68, 79
Western, 27, 39, 65, 67, 69, 72, 83, 90
European integration, 68
European Union, 68, 76, 101, 151
CO2 regulation, 190
Eve Energy, 188
factories, new, 86
factory
closure, 26, 28, 31, 64, 65, 85, 86, 88, 89, 102, 171, 196
conversion, 171
new, number and jobs created, 89
relocation, 31, 41, 51, 64, 65, 85, 86, 88, 89, 102
FDI. See foreign direct investment
Finland
stable semiperiphery, 119
follow sourcing, xvi, 21, 42, 50, 57, 66, 76, 80, 83, 84, 88
oranizational fix, 92
Slovakia, 51, 195
Ford, 115, 171
Genk, 67
foreign direct investment, xvi, 1
Africa, 4, 5
agriculture, 33
approaches in economic geography, 23
Asia, 4, 21
automotive industry, 34
branch plants, 22–25, 26
Central America and the Caribbean, 6
China, 6, 31
core regions, 17, 19, 20, 29, 193
dependency perspective. See dependency perspective
Eastern Europe, 1, 6
economic development, 192–194
embeddedness. See embeddedness
environmental effects, 33
extractive industry, 33
financial services, 33
global annual inflows, 1, 3
global inward stock, 1, 3, 4, 33
global production networks, 29–32
heterodox perspective, 14
heterodox perspectives, 10, 12–13, 193
horizontal, 19, 29, 193
Latin America, 4, 6, 21
less developed countries, 1, 3–7, 192
linkages. See linkages
mainstream perspective, 8–12, 14, 193
Mexico, 6
modes of strategic coupling, 30
peripheral regions, 17, 19, 20, 29, 192, 193
regional development effects, 18–22, 193, 195
regulatory changes in national policies, 11
Southeast Asia, 6
spillovers. See spillovers
uneven development. See uneven development
vertical, 19, 29, 193
world-systems perspective. See world-systems perspective
foreign firms, 83
job creation and job loss, 83–85
foreign ownership and control, 95
France, xviii, 67, 69, 73, 80, 83, 84, 86, 91
automotive R&D, 115
lower-order core, 114
Friedmann, John
core–periphery model, 95, 197
Geely, 115, 173
General Motors, 166
Antwerp, 67
Germany, 67, 69, 73, 80, 83, 84, 86, 90, 91, 183
higher-order core, xviii, 111
gigafactory, 187, See also automotive industry Eastern Europe
Eastern Europe, 188
Hungary, 188
Poland, 188
Volkswagen, 189, 191
global commodity chains perspective, 96
global production networks, 29–32, 98
perspective, xv, 29, 35, 37, 122, 192
value creation and capture, 128–131
global sourcing, 21, 42, 44, 57, 66
global value chains, 58, 94, 98
perspective, xv, 14, 96, 122, 192
Göd, 172
GPNs. See global production networks
GVCs. See global value chains
Győr, 186
Harvey, David, 35, 60, 64, 95
Hirschman, Albert, 8
Hong Kong, 13
Hungary, 68, 73, 79, 83, 88, 89, 178
battery industry, 188
BMW Debrecen factory, 170
engine parts, 184
exports, 184
labor shortages, 156
Stellantis Szentgotthárd, 171
Hymer, Stephen, 7
index of foreign control, 107
by country, 118, 160
index of innovation, 107
by country, 119
India, 34, 85, 115, 143, 171, 184
industrial development strategy
Eastern Europe, 6
Latin America, 6
industrial policy, 5, 12, 193
less developed countries, 12
strategic, 6, 7, 13, 31, 124
industrial tradition, 78
innovation, 99
organizational, 129
technological, 129
InoBat, 187
InoBat Auto, 189
instability
economic, 190
geopolitical, 190, 191
institutional fix. See integrated peripheries
institutional thickness, 27
institutional turn, 27
integrated peripheries, xvii, 34, 36–41, 57–58, 60, 194, 196
basic features, 39, 63, 163–165
car production, 40
decoupling, 41
definition, 36, 37, 194
Eastern Europe, 161–165
electric vehicles, transition to, 165–183
FDI linkages, 42–44
geographic restructuring, 63–65
in European automotive industry, 67–70
institutional fix, 66, 67, 68, 78, 80, 195
investment strategies by TNCs, 99
job creation, 80
older, job loss, 102
organizational fix, 42, 66, 77, 80, 92
spatiotemporal fix, 37, 47, 50, 66, 91, 92, 196
strategic coupling, 41–42
technological fix, 42, 66, 78, 80, 92, 196
uneven development. See uneven development
value capture, 52
value creation, 41
value transfer, 41
international business, 18, 32
international division of labor, 97
new, 23, 25–27
international political economy, 32
international production
theory of, 7
investment incentives, 77, 78, 80, 100, 172, 189
Ireland, 12, 13, 75
Italy, xviii, 67, 69, 80, 83, 86, 91
lower-order core, 115
Iváncsa, 172
Japan, 4, 5, 12, 80, 91, 166
just-in-time
delivery, 42, 44, 47, 50, 66, 84, 133, 134
production, 27, 28, 42, 135, 143
supply, 42
Kia, 45, 50
knowledge transfer, 53, 58, 99
Korea, 4
Košice, 172
labor costs, 76, 78, 90, 100
labor skills, 78, 90
labor surplus, 78
Latin America, 13
industrial development strategy, 6
lead firm, 96, 195
Tier-two, 136, 166
linkages, xvi, 11, 17, 19, 20–21, 27, 30, 34, 41, 42, 53, 131, 133, 134, 163, 193, See also Slovakia
backward, 21
branch plants, 26
definition, 43
dependent, 20, 21, 30, 43, 44, 56, 64
detrimental, 20, 44, 56
developmental, 20, 30, 43, 44
direct, 28
electronics industry, 28
forward, 21
horizontal, 43
integrated peripheries, 42–44
peripheral regions, 30
supplier, 25
vertical, 43
Lithium deposits, 188
Lithuania
stable periphery, 121
logistical costs, 78
logistics, 88
Loznica, 188
market proximity, 90
Massey, Doreen, 25, 26
Mercedes-Benz, 202
Mexico, 6, 34, 37, 39, 49, 92
Michigan, 92
Moldova, 63, 70, 72
Morocco, 34, 37, 39, 63, 68, 157
Netherlands, 69
stable semiperiphery, 119
new regionalism, 23, 27
Nigeria, 5
North America, 92
North Macedonia, 63, 70, 72, 157
offshoring, 16, 69
organizational fix. See integrated peripheries
outsourcing, 16, 28, 63, 145
Pearson correlation coefficient, 73
performance/networked branch plants, 28, 128
peripheral integration, 92, 99–101
peripheral regions, 16, 26, 32, 97
economic activities, 97, 127
Peru, 6
Poland, 68, 73, 79, 83, 84, 88, 89, 92
battery industry, 188
engine factories, 184
engine parts, 184
exports, 184
labor shortages, 156
national battery electric vehicle, 173
powertrain job losses projections, 187
relative position, 95
stable periphery, 121
Portugal, 34, 39, 49, 68, 69, 83, 84, 92, 101
stable periphery, 121
power
automotive industry, xvii
automotive industry by country, 116
automotive industry, by country, 109, 113
buyer-driven, 103
core countries, 104
innovation, 107
ownership and control, 104–107
peripheral countries, 104
positional, 102, 103–104
positional, by country, 105, 114
producer driven, 103
semiperipheral countries, 107
product life cycle, 7
profit
reinvestment, 33, 131, 143
repatriation, 13, 15, 26, 99, 129
-shifting strategies, 129, 131
PSA, 50, 52, 157
R&D. See research and development
race to the bottom, 190
recoupling, 31
regional development
extra-regional factors, 28
regional specialization, 99, 102
reinvestment, 131, 183
relocation, 64, 65, 89, 90, 100, 183, See also factory relocation
partial, 86, 90
Renault, 67, 115, 157, 167, 170, 202
rent
economic, 129
research and development, 22, 25, 29, 39, 88
capabilities, 19, 22
electromobility Eastern Europe, 166–170
share of business expenditures by country, 167
share of personnel and researchers by country, 168
reshoring, 33
restructuring
in-situ, 63, 85, 88, 92
in-situ, job creation and job loss, 86
restructuring events, 87
job creation and job loss, 85–90
Rio Tinto, 188
risk
geopolitical, 178, 202
Romania, 51, 73, 83, 88, 89, 188
Ford, 171
powertrain job losses projections, 187
Renault Technology Romania, 115, 121
stable periphery, 121
Russia, xvi, 59, 184, 202
Saab, 115
scale economies, 101, 133
Senica, 51
Serbia, 39, 63, 70, 72, 178, 188
Singapore, 12, 13
Škoda Auto, 136, 166, 167
internal combustion engines, 184
Slovakia, 35, 45–57, 68, 70, 73, 83, 88, 89, 90, 178
automotive industry, 45
battery gigafactory, 189
domestic suppliers, 54
engines and gerboxes, production of, 184
foreign control, 161
foreign subsidiaries, 47
interviewed and suerveyed firms, map, 46
interviews, 35, 45, 72
investment, reasons for, 51–52, 76, 77
knowledge transfer, 56
labor shortages, 157
linkages, 35, 47–50, 54, 57
linkages classification, 55
location choice reasons, 79
niche-market suppliers, 54
production, advantages of, 51
questionnaire, 45
research and development, 45, 54–56
spatiotemporal fix, 49
spillovers, 195
standard suppliers, 54
structure of supplies, 48, 49
supplier linkages, backward, 47, 195
supplier linkages, forward, 47, 195
supplier linkages, quality, 50, 54–57
supplier linkages, quantity, 47–50
survey, 35
unstable periphery, 121
Volkswagen Passat transfer of production, 171
Volvo factory, 170, 172
Slovenia, 68, 83
unstable semiperiphery, 120, 123
sourcing
domestic, 126, 129, 130, 131, 133–134, 143, 149
follow. See follow sourcing
global. See global sourcing
South Africa, 4, 85
South America, 171, 184
South Korea, 5, 12, 80, 91, 166
Southeast Asia, 171
Spain, 34, 37, 39, 65, 68, 69, 83, 84, 86, 92, 101, 102
relative position, 95
stable semiperiphery, 116
spatial divisions of labor, 18, 23, 25–27, 97, 98, 122, 126, 197
spatiotemporal fix, 35, 36, 61–63, 76, 86, 91
geographic restructuring, 63–65, 92
theory, 60, 63, 76, 78, 80, 95, 194, 197
spillovers, 10, 17, 21–22, 43, 44, 133, 163, 165, 193
direct, 47
horizontal, 21
integrated peripheries, 85
knowledge, 129, 130
negative, 15, 56
productivity, 21
vertical, 21
Stellantis, 202
strategic coupling, 29, 36, 97, 194
basic modes, 29
FDI, 30
functional, 30, 31
indigenous, 29, 30
structural, 29, 30, 41, 43, 44, 51, 97, 194
sunk costs, 63, 64, 65, 77, 78, 90, 100, 101, 196
Sunwoda Electronics, 188
supplier industry
internationalization, 42
supplier relations, 90
supplier tiers, 125, 139
Tier-one, definition, 139
Tier-three, definition, 139
Tier-two, definition, 139
Sweden, 69, 73
unstable core, 115, 123
Taiwan, 4, 5, 12
technological fix. See integrated peripheries
technology transfer, 19, 20, 25, 34, 35, 42, 145
developmental linkages, 43
territorial specialization, 64, 65, 92, 196
Tesla, 166, 170
transfer pricing, 15, 29, 128, 129, 131
transnational corporations, 96
headquarters, 29
job creation and job loss, 91
transportation costs, 78, 101
transportation infrastructure, 80
technological fix, 92
Trnava, 189
truncation, 22, 23, 58, 127, 169
Tunisia, 51
Turkey, 34, 51, 59, 68, 85, 115
Ukraine, xvi, 59, 89, 183, 202
war, 154, 178, 190, 202
uneven development, 18, 25, 33, 34, 127
European automotive industry, 60, 93, 196
foreign direct investment, 2, 16, 26, 32
integrated peripheries, 37, 83, 88
law on, 7, 36
theory, 57, 60, 95, 194, 197
USA, 80, 166
upgrading, 20, 28, 97, 131
Eastern Europe, 158
Valeo, 65
value
capture, xviii, 30, 96, 97, 126–128, 198–200
creation, xviii, 30, 96, 97, 126–128, 198–200
enhancement, 96
exchange, 130
perceived use, 130
transfer, 30, 97, 99, 128, 130, 131
value capture
components of, 131
corporate headquarters, 132
Czech automotive industry, 143–146
Czechia by supplier tier, 142, 143, 148–150
definition, 126
domestic sourcing, 133–134
measurement in GPNs, 130–134
regional, 130, 132
reinvested profits, 131, 132
wages, 131
value creation
by supplier tier, 141
Czech automotive industry, 140
Czechia by supplier tier, 140, 148–150
definition, 126
gross value added, 130
measurement in GPNs, 129–130, 133
networks of suppliers, 129
profits, 129
Vernon, Raymond, 7
Volkswagen, 50, 101, 136, 167, 169, 171, 183, 202
Emden, 170
gigafactory, 189, 191
Slovakia, 45, 52, 157
Trinity factory, 170
Zwickau, 170, 184
Volvo cars, 67, 115, 172
wages, 91, 131
Wolfsburg, 170
World Bank, 12
world-systems perspective, 2, 37, 96
foreign direct investment, 10, 14, 193
Wrocław, 173

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  • Index
  • Petr Pavlínek, University of Nebraska, Omaha and Charles University, Prague
  • Book: Europe's Auto Industry
  • Online publication: 07 March 2025
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009453196.011
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  • Index
  • Petr Pavlínek, University of Nebraska, Omaha and Charles University, Prague
  • Book: Europe's Auto Industry
  • Online publication: 07 March 2025
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009453196.011
Available formats
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  • Index
  • Petr Pavlínek, University of Nebraska, Omaha and Charles University, Prague
  • Book: Europe's Auto Industry
  • Online publication: 07 March 2025
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009453196.011
Available formats
×